Age of Reason Test Review

Age of Reason Test Review

1) Sir Isaac Newton revolutionized the way people understood the universe in the seventeenth century when he proved that the

A) / earth revolves around the sun.
B) / planets revolve around the sun.
C) / planets are held in place by an invisible shield.
D) / sun's gravity keeps the planets within their orbits.

2)

· Copernicus
· Kepler
· Galileo
· Newton

This is a list of people who were pioneers of the

A) / Age of Astrology.
B) / Mathematic Period.
C) / Scientific Revolution.
D) / Mathematic Revolution.

3) In the early 17th century, Galileo Galilei was convicted of heresy for claiming that Earth revolved around the Sun. This conviction was an example of

A) / the usage of the scientific method.
B) / Galileo's hatred for the Catholic Church.
C) / early conflicts between religion and science.
D) / the importance of the Protestant Reformation.

4) Which of these was NOT a major contributing factor to the Scientific Revolution?

A) / Greek philosophers
B) / Enlightenment thinkers
C) / Medieval Islamic scientists
D) / Roman and Byzantine scholars

5) Why did the findings of Galileo frighten Catholic and Protestant leaders?

A) / His findings supported the theories of Aristotle.
B) / His findings did not support the Copernician theory.
C) / His findings led him to rebel against the Cardinals.
D) / His findings went against Church teaching and authority.

6) Which term describes the era when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of superstitions and beliefs that had existed since ancient times?

A) / The Renaissance
B) / The Middle Ages
C) / The Age of Revolution
D) / The Scientific Revolution

7) The term heliocentrism refers to which belief?

A) / Some elements are lighter than air.
B) / The sun is at the center of the Universe.
C) / Human life was created by a higher power.
D) / The earth is the only planet containing life.

8)

· Born in 1643, died in 1727
· English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer
· Described the laws of universal gravitation and laws of motion
· Widely considered the most influential scientist in history

Who is this describing?

A) / Isaac Newton
B) / William Harvey
C) / Galileo Galilei
D) / Nicolaus Copernicus

In 1633 Galileo was put on trial by the Catholic Church for heresy (saying things that did not meet the Church's approval). Where in the timeline should this be placed?

A) / After 1687
B) / Before 1538
C) / Between 1538 and 1609
D) / Between 1609 and 1648

10) Who was famously put under house arrest because he challenged the Catholic Church and its teachings by introducing new scientific ideas?

A) / Copernicus
B) / Galileo
C) / Newton
D) / Einstein

11) Which one of these statements BEST characterizes the central idea of the Enlightenment?

A) / Art should reflect emotion, not the human form.
B) / The established political order should remain unchanged.
C) / A person's eternal salvation is determined by faith alone.
D) / Logic and reason are capable of solving social and political problems.

12) Who was the political philosopher who developed the ideas of the social contract based on popular sovereignty in 1762?

A) / James Madison
B) / Thomas Hobbes
C) / Jacques Chirac
D) / Jean Jacques Rousseau

13) Which movement inspired the French Revolution?

A) / The Renaissance
B) / The Enlightenment
C) / Napoleonic Conquests
D) / The Russian Revolution

14) John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau all were

A) / advocated American independence.
B) / French Enlightenment philosophers.
C) / proponents of a constitutional monarchy in France.
D) / influences on the ideals that shaped American government.

15)

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed."
The Declaration of Independence

This passage MOST accurately reflects the democratic ideals taken from

A) / the Enlightenment.
B) / ancient Legalist doctrine.
C) / the Protestant Reformation.
D) / the observations of Machiavelli.

16) Both John Locke and Thomas Jefferson wrote about the natural rights of man. In what document are these "inalienable rights" specifically mentioned?

A) / the Bill of Rights
B) / the Mayflower Compact
C) / the Preamble to the Constitution
D) / the Declaration of Independence

17) Montesquieu is credited with devising the basic Constitutional principle of

A) / natural rights.
B) / popular sovereignty.
C) / separation and balance of governmental power.
D) / government was created by man for his own purposes.

18) The political theory that people form governments for their mutual protection and that government rules only with the consent of those people is known as

A) / communism.
B) / socialism.
C) / divine right theory.
D) / social contract theory.

19)

[I]t is plainly contrary to [against] the law of nature... that children should command old men, fools wise men, and that the privileged few should gorge themselves... while the starving multitude are in want of the bare necessities of life.
-Rousseau, Second Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, 1755

Rousseau's ideas of "natural law" led to his publication of The Social Contract in 1763. His writings reflect Enlightenment ideals because he desired

A) / greater rights for common people.
B) / harmony between faith and reason.
C) / a return to the primacy of the Catholic Church.
D) / a rebirth of the classical ideals of Greece and Rome.

20)

Man being born with a title to perfect freedom, and enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in others.
-John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690

John Locke's writing reflects the ideals of the Enlightenment in that

A) / men are created with equal rights and responsibilities under the law of nature.
B) / civil society is not possible when men work to protect their property.
C) / there is no private property, and therefore no justice or injustice.
D) / government must be rule by a democracy, rather than by a monarch.