1Loga = Current Area for Spring and Total, 1956 Area for Summer
Table S1. Caterpillar species (and Hymenoptera: Symphyta) sampled during the present study with the number collected (N) and the number of plant families, genera and species recorded (plantF, plantG, plantSp). Species that were not identified are listed under “morphospecies” names. Nomenclature is taken from the North American Moth Photographer’s Group (2013) that is based on Hodges et al. (1983) with updated nomenclature of certain taxa.
Family / Species / N / plantF / plantG / plantSpArgidae / Viburnum Sawfly / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Bombycidae / Apatelodestorrefacta (Smith) / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4
Drepanidae / Oretarosea (Walker) / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / Halysidotatessellaris (smith) / 86 / 8 / 9 / 12
Erebidae / Hypercompescribonia (stoll) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / Hyphantriacunea (Drury) / 217 / 6 / 7 / 8
Erebidae / Lophocampacaryae Harris / 110 / 9 / 11 / 17
Erebidae / Spilosomavirginica (Fab.) / 9 / 5 / 6 / 5
Erebidae / Dasychiraobliquata (Grote & Robinson) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / Orgyiadefinita Packard / 60 / 8 / 9 / 10
Erebidae / Orgyialeucostigma (Smith) / 28 / 7 / 8 / 9
Erebidae / Big-palps, Brown Noctuid (Hypeninae) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / Hypenadeceptalis (Walker) / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / Isogonatenuis (Grote) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / ParalleliabistriariaHübner / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Erebidae / Zale galbanata (Morrison) / 25 / 1 / 1 / 2
Erebidae / Zale horrida Hübner / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Erebidae / Zale lunata/minerea / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gelechiidae / Brown and white striped Gelechiid / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gelechiidae / Fascistacercerisella (Chambers) / 12 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gelechiidae / Gelechiid sp. 2 Viburnum leaf skeletonizer / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gelechiidae / Gelechiid sp.1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Alsophilapometaria (Harris) / 104 / 9 / 9 / 12
Geometridae / Brown twig-like geometrid / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Campaeaperlata (Guenée) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Cleorasublunaria (Guenée) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Ectropiscrepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermüller) / 5 / 4 / 4 / 4
Geometridae / Ennomossubsignaria (Hübner) / 4 / 2 / 2 / 3
Geometridae / Epimecishortaria (Fab.) / 12 / 3 / 3 / 3
Geometridae / Euchlaenaobtusaria(Hübner) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Geometridae / Eupitheciamiserulata Grote / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Eutrapelaclemataria (Smith) / 12 / 5 / 5 / 5
Geometridae / Hypagyrtisunipunctata (Haworth) / 29 / 6 / 7 / 8
Geometridae / Iridopsislavaria (Guenée) / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Geometridae / Lomographavestaliata (Guenée) / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Macariaaemulataria Walker / 32 / 1 / 1 / 2
Geometridae / Macariapromiscuata (Ferguson) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Macaria sp. 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Macaria sp. 3 / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Macaria sp. 4 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Melanolophiacanadaria (Guenée) / 59 / 10 / 12 / 15
Geometridae / Nematocamparesistaria (Herrich-Schäffer) / 4 / 2 / 2 / 2
Geometridae / NemoriabistriariaHübner / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Phigaliatitea (Cramer) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Plagodispulveraria (L.) / 5 / 2 / 2 / 3
Geometridae / Prochoerodeslineola (Goeze) / 24 / 5 / 5 / 6
Geometridae / TetraciscrocallataGuenée / 5 / 3 / 4 / 4
Geometridae / TrigrammiaquadrinotariaHerrich-Schäffer / 10 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Venusiacambrica Curtis / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Xanthotypesospeta (Drury) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Geometridae / Xanthotype sp. / 3 / 1 / 1 / 2
Gracillariidae / Caloptiliablandella (Clemens) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Caloptilianegundella (Chambers) / 9 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Caloptiliaostryaeella (Chambers) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Caloptiliapackardella (Chambers) / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Elm Gracillariidae / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Phyllonorycterceltisella (Chambers) / 4 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Phyllonorycterlucidicostella (Clemens) / 27 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Phyllonorycterpropinquinella (Braun) / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Phyllonorycter sp. 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Gracillariidae / Phyllonorycter sp. 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Hesperiidae / Epargyreusclarus (Cramer) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Lasiocampidae / Malacosomaamericanum (Fab.) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Lasiocampidae / MalacosomadisstriaHübner / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Lasiocampidae / Tolypevelleda (Stoll) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Limacodidae / Achariastimulea (Clemens) / 17 / 7 / 8 / 10
Limacodidae / Adonetaspinuloides (Herrich-Schäffer) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Limacodidae / Eucleadelphinii (Boisduval) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 2
Limacodidae / Isa textula (Herrich-Schäffer) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Limacodidae / Lithacodesfasciola (Herrich-Schäffer) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Limacodidae / Packardiaelegans (Packard) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / AchatiadistinctaHübner / 6 / 3 / 3 / 4
Noctuidae / Acronictaamericana (Harris) / 24 / 5 / 5 / 7
Noctuidae / Acronictamorula Grote & Robinson / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Acronictaoblinita (Smith) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Noctuidae / Acronictaretardata (Walker) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / AcronictarubricomaGuenée / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Acronicta sp. (yellow-white/bristly) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Agriopodesfallax (Herrich-Schäffer) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / AmphipyrapyramidoidesGuenée / 20 / 6 / 7 / 9
Noctuidae / Crocigraphanormani (Grote) / 10 / 6 / 6 / 7
Noctuidae / Egiraalternans (prob.) (Walker) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Elaphriaversicolor (Grote) / 5 / 3 / 4 / 4
Noctuidae / Eupsilia sp. 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Eupsiliasp. 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Green wavy with red highlights / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Himellaintractata Grote / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Lithophaneantennata (Walker) / 7 / 4 / 4 / 3
Noctuidae / Lithophanebethunei (Grote & Robinson) / 11 / 5 / 6 / 7
Noctuidae / Lithophaneinnominata (Smith) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Lithophane nr. sp. 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Lithophanepatefacta (Walker) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Lithophanequerquera Grote / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Lithophane sp. 1 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Noctuidae / Morrisoniaconfusa (Hübner) / 6 / 3 / 3 / 5
Noctuidae / Morrisonia latex (Guenée) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Noctuidae / Orthosiahibisci (Guenée) / 4 / 2 / 2 / 3
Noctuidae / Orthosiarubescens (Walker) / 7 / 5 / 5 / 5
Noctuidae / Psychomorphaepimenis (Drury) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Datanaintegerrima Grote & Robinso / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Ellidacaniplaga (Walker) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Heterocampabiundata Walker / 5 / 1 / 1 / 2
Notodontidae / Heterocampaguttivitta (Walker) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Notodontidae / Lochmaeusmanteo Doubleday / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Lochmaeus sp. / 2 / 1 / 1 / 2
Notodontidae / Nadatagibbosa (Smith) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Perideabasitriens (Walker) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Schizurabadia (Packard) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Schizuraipomoeae Doubleday / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / Schizuraunicornis (Smith) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Notodontidae / SymmeristaleucitysFranclemont / 10 / 1 / 1 / 1
Nymphalidae / Asterocampaceltis (Boisduval & Le Conte) / 26 / 1 / 1 / 1
Nymphalidae / Asterocampaclyton (Boisduval & Le Conte) / 161 / 2 / 2 / 2
Nymphalidae / Limenitisarthemis (Drury) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Nymphalidae / Polygonia comma (Harris) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Nymphalidae / Polygoniainterrogationis (Fab.) / 3 / 1 / 2 / 2
Oecophoridae / Agonopterixpaulae (Harrison) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Oecophoridae / Machimiatentoriferella Clemens / 32 / 7 / 8 / 9
Oecophoridae / Oecophoridae sp. 1 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Oecophoridae / Oecophoridae sp. 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Oecophoridae / Oecophoridae sp. 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Oecophoridae / Psilocorsisreflexella Clemens / 6 / 1 / 1 / 1
Oecophoridae / SemioscopisaurorellaDyar / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Papilionidae / Papiliocresphontes Cramer / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Papilionidae / Papilioglaucus L. / 4 / 1 / 1 / 2
Papilionidae / Papiliotroilus L. / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Psychidae / Psyche casta (Pallas) / 49 / 7 / 8 / 11
Pterophoridae / Plume Moth / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Pyralidae / Canarsiaulmiarrosorella (Clemens) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pyralidae / Hackberry Pyralid / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pyralidae / Herpetogrammapertextalis(Lederer) / 3 / 1 / 1 / 2
Pyralidae / Maclura flat head black spots / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pyralidae / Palpitamagniferalis (Walker) / 74 / 1 / 1 / 4
Pyralidae / Pantographalimata (Grote & Robinson) / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pyralidae / Pococeraasperatella (Clemens) / 87 / 1 / 1 / 2
Pyralidae / pyralid sp. 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pyralidae / Pyraustini sp. 2 / 7 / 1 / 1 / 1
Pyralidae / Pyraustini sp. 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Saturniidae / Automerisio (Fab.) / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4
Saturniidae / Eaclesimperialis (Drury) / 3 / 1 / 1 / 2
Sphingidae / Ceratomiaamyntor (Geyer) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Sphingidae / Ceratomiaundulosa (Walker) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Sphingidae / Dolbahyloeus (Drury) / 5 / 1 / 1 / 1
Sphingidae / Hemaristhysbe (Fab.) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Sphingidae / Paoniasexcaecata (Smith) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Ash sawfly / 31 / 1 / 1 / 3
Symphyta / Black and white sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Black and yellow sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Black back sawfly with spines / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Cherry leaf roller / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Cherry sawfly / 15 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Cornus sawfly-fat yellow black head / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Dark green sawfly with red head / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Green and black sawfly / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Green sawfly / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Green with black head sawfly / 10 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Hickory Sawfly / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Large white sawfly / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Maple Sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Orange head-green black spot sawfly / 8 / 2 / 2 / 2
Symphyta / Ostrya sawfly / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Sawfly 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Spiny green sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Translucent black head sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Translucent w/ red head sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Transparent green sawfly / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Yellow and black sawfly / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Symphyta / Yellow body with black head sawfly / 3 / 3 / 3 / 3
Tenthredinidae / Black top yellow bottom sawfly / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tenthredinidae / Carpinus sawfly / 10 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tenthredinidae / Green sawfly with black spines / 43 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Acleriscornana (McDunnough) / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Aclerisnegundana (Busck) / 28 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Beech roller / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Choristoneurarosaceana (Harris) / 18 / 6 / 6 / 7
Tortricidae / Hackberry Tortricid sp. 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Leaf roller with black head / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Olethreutesinornatana (Clemens) / 8 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Olethreutesnigrana (Heinrich) / 8 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Olethreutes sp. 1 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Olethreutesviburnana(McDunnough) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Olethreutini sp. 1 / 13 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Olethreutini sp. 4 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Pandemislimitata (Robinson) / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2
Tortricidae / Paw PawTortricid / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Red-headed Elm Tortricid / 3 / 1 / 1 / 2
Tortricidae / Rhamnus Roller / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Sparganothidini sp. 1 / 15 / 2 / 2 / 2
Tortricidae / Sparganothisacerivorana MacKay / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Sparganothispulcherrimana(Walsingham) / 8 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Sparganothisreticulatana (Clemens) / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Sparganothis sp. 1 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2
Tortricidae / Tortricini sp. 1 / 27 / 1 / 1 / 2
Tortricidae / Tortricini sp. 2 / 15 / 1 / 1 / 2
Tortricidae / Tortricini sp. 4 / 24 / 1 / 1 / 1
Tortricidae / Tortricini sp. 5 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1
Unknown / Leaf skeletonizer sp. 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Unknown / Maple leaf roller 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1
Uraniidae / Calledapteryxdryopterata (Grote) / 29 / 1 / 1 / 1
Yponomeutidae / Attevaaurea (Fitch) / 162 / 1 / 1 / 1
Table S2. Multiple regression models for caterpillar abundance (per site/year) for spring, summer, and both seasons (Total), with tree richness (rather than diversity) as an explanatory variable. logA=log(area), logFA= log (forest coverage), HS=honeysuckle invasion index, treeS=rarefied tree richness, ∆Area = change in area since 1989; see text for further explanation of variables; Est.= parameter estimate).
Spring / Summer / TotalPredictor / Est. / z / P < / Est. / z / P < / Est. / z / P <
Leaf Area / 0.008 / 3.76 / 0.0002 / 0.003 / 2.00 / 0.05 / 0.005 / 6.34 / 0.0001
logA1 / 0.48 / 2.56 / 0.01 / -0.13 / -0.92 / 0.36 / -0.03 / -0.37 / 0.72
logFA / -5.44 / -4.98 / 0.0001 / -3.82 / -4.45 / 0.0001 / -2.91 / -6.52 / 0.0001
HS / 0.009 / 0.22 / 0.83 / -0.11 / -2.63 / 0.009 / -0.11 / -5.82 / 0.0001
treeS / 0.19 / 5.76 / 0.0001 / 0.11 / 6.53 / 0.0001 / 0.13 / 10.46 / 0.0001
∆Area / -0.77 / -1.99 / 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.17 / 0.87 / 0.21 / 0.91 / 0.37
logA:treeS / -0.14 / -4.58 / 0.0001 / -0.04 / -2.20 / 0.03
logA:HS / -0.48 / -4.18 / 0.0001 / -0.29 / -3.71 / 0.0002 / -0.31 / -6.49 / 0.0001
logA:∆Area / 5.08 / 5.38 / 0.0001 / 1.92 / 4.56 / 0.0001
logFA:HS / 1.49 / 4.81 / 0.0001
logFA:treeS / 0.90 / 3.36 / 0.0008 / 0.56 / 4.54 / 0.0001 / 0.43 / 5.29 / 0.0001
logFA:∆Area / 4.26 / 1.95 / 0.05 / 9.95 / 7.62 / 0.0001
HS: treeS / 0.03 / 3.28 / 0.001 / 0.03 / 4.53 / 0.0001 / 0.02 / 6.65 / 0.0001
HS: ∆Area / -0.09 / -1.84 / 0.07
treeS:∆Area / -0.21 / -4.28 / 0.0001 / -0.11 / -3.28 / 0.0001
1LogA = current area for spring and total, 1956 area for summer.
Table S3. Multiple regression models for rarified caterpillar species richness per fragment (based on rarefaction) with rarified tree richness (treeS, rather than diversity) as an explanatory variable. See Table S1 for explanation of terms.
Spring / Summer / TotalPredictor / Est. / t / P < / Est. / t / P < / Est. / t / P <
logA1 / 4.64 / 8.32 / 0.04 / 13.21 / 8.02 / 0.0001
HS / -0.55 / -2.04 / 0.07 / -1.95 / -5.73 / 0.0007
treeS / -0.13 / -0.34 / 0.74 / -0.35 / -0.86 / 0.42
logFA / -16.29 / 6.74 / 0.04 / -30.21 / -5.78 / 0.0007
ΔArea / 16.68 / 5.30 / 0.001
logA:logFA / -65.68 / -5.03 / 0.004
HS:treeS / -0.35 / -0.11 / 0.01 / -1.19 / -8.48 / 0.0001
ΔArea:treeS / 6.50 / 4.28 / 0.004
1Current area.
Table S4. Multiple regression models for caterpillar diversity (eH) per fragment with tree diversity (treeDiv) as an explanatory variable. See Table S1 for explanation of terms.
Spring / Summer / TotalPredictor / Est. / t / P < / Est. / t / P < / Est. / t / P <
logA1 / 0.35 / 3.11 / 0.01 / 0.45 / 3.89 / 0.01 / 0.20 / 1.13 / 0.29
HS / 0.12 / 3.66 / 0.004 / -0.14 / -4.41 / 0.007 / -0.46 / -6.72 / 0.0001
treeDiv / 0.03 / 1.13 / 0.28 / -0.20 / -8.08 / 0.0005 / -0.29 / -4.92 / 0.0008
logFA / -0.84 / -2.35 / 0.07 / -0.40 / -0.57 / 0.58
ΔArea / -1.43 / -6.26 / 0.0001 / 0.97 / 4.58 / 0.006 / 0.81 / 1.57 / 0.15
logA:treeDiv / -0.22 / -4.28 / 0.001
logA: logFA / -5.04 / -6.60 / 0.001 / -6.06 / -3.49 / 0.007
HS:treeDiv / -0.32 / -8.96 / 0.0001 / 0.03 / 3.78 / 0.013
HS:LogFA / 0.84 / 3.80 / 0.013 / -0.65 / -5.71 / 0.0003
HS:ΔArea / -0.33 / -6.05 / 0.002
treeDiv:ΔArea / -1.14 / -7.14 / 0.0008
LogFA:ΔArea / -5.15 / -2.64 / 0.05
HS:ΔArea / -1.98 / -7.84 / 0.0001
11989 area for spring, current area for summer and total.
References
Hodges RW et al. (1983) Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico.E. W. Classey, London, UK.
North American Moth Photographers Group (2013) Dec. 2013.