16: Chicago Style
Often used in history and humanities courses, the Chicago style employs footnotes or endnotes to provide complete publication information and is based upon The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. Consult this source or Easy Writer if you have further questions.
TITLE PAGE
• Include the full title of your paper, your name, the course title, the instructor's name, and the date.
• Do not number the title page but count it in the manuscript numbering; that is, the first page of the text will be numbered 2.
STYLE
• Margins and Spacing
o Use one-inch margins on the top, bottom, and sides of the page.
o Double space the entire manuscript, including block quotations.
o Block quotations (quotes of at least one-hundred words or more than eight lines) always begin a new line and may be indented or set in a smaller type or different font than the rest of the text. No quotation marks are used.
• Pagination
o Using Arabic numerals, numbers are placed in the upper right corner of
the manuscript. Depending on your professor’s preferences, you may also include your last name or title of your paper before the page numbers.
CITING SOURCES IN THE TEXT
When documenting sources in the Chicago style, endnotes or footnotes may be used according to preferences. Footnotes appear at the end of each page, and endnotes are located at the end of the paper, before the bibliography. Every time you use a source, you will need to indicate that information was borrowed within the text by creating a footnote or endnote and include the source on your bibliography. Your notes will always proceed in consecutive order (1,2,3,4…); you will never reuse a number, even if you use the same source more than once. Microsoft Word automatically numbers for you.
In-text Citation
Maryse Condé’s I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem is an example of how Caribbean women’s writing in the mid-twentieth century became a “quest for a female ancestor” in response to prior male writing.[7] This novel retells the story of the Salem witch trials from the perspective of the West Indian slave, Tituba.
Footnotes or Endnotes
The first time you cite a source, you must include all publication information and the page number where the borrowed text or idea can be found. The first line of a note is indented. To see an example of how the quotation above would be cited in a footnote, see the bottom of the page. Please note, however, that you need a citation any time you borrow information from a source, regardless of whether or not you quote.
Subsequent footnotes or endnotes only require the author’s last name, a shortened version of the title if the title is longer than four words, and the page number(s) on which the information was found. When you have consecutive notes from the same source, you may simply include “Ibid.” (meaning, in the same place) and the page number for the second note.
14. Paquet, Caribbean Autobiography, 86.
15. Ibid., 90.
Bibliography
The bibliography comes last in your paper and should include every work cited in your notes. It may also include works that you consulted but did not cite. Here are some guidelines for your bibliography:
• You should title the page “Bibliography” at the top, center of the page.
• Entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names or by title of the work if there is no author.
• The first line of each entry is at the left margin; additional lines are indented
½ inch.
• Entries are single-spaced, but there is a space between each entry.
Example:
Preparing an Endnotes Page:
If you choose to use endnotes instead of footnotes, you must have an endnotes page. Here are some guidelines for your endnotes.
Note: If you have an endnotes page, you still need to follow with a bibliography page, as well.
• Number your notes consecutively (just as you would with footnotes).
• Center the heading “Notes” on the top of the first page.
• Only indent ½ inch on the first line of each entry. (Indents are the opposite of the bibliography.)
• Begin the note with the Arabic numeral corresponding to the number in the text.
• Follow the number with a period and a space.
• Individual notes are single spaced, but double space between notes.
BASIC CITATIONS FOR NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books with one author
*Full Note
1. Robert Service, A History of Twentieth Century Russia (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1998), 314-30.
*Bibliographic
Service, Robert. A History of Twentieth Century Russia. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1998.
Books with Two Authors
The authors’ names are listed in the order used on the title page.
*Full Note
2. Kurt Johnson and Steve Coates, Nabokov’s Blues: The Scientific Odyssey of a Literary Genius (Cambridge: Zoland Books, 1999), 218.
*Bibliographic
Johnson, Kurt, and Steve Coates. Nabokov’s Blues: The Scientific Odyssey of a
Literary Genius. Cambridge: Zoland Books, 1999.
Books with Three Authors
The authors’ names are listed in the order used on the title page.
*Full Note
3. Paul Schellinger, Christopher Hudson, and Marijk Rijsberman, eds. Encyclopedia of the Novel (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998), 110.
*Bibliographic
Schellinger, Paul, Christopher Hudson, and Marijk Rijsberman, eds. Encyclopedia
of the Novel. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998.
Books with Four or More Authors
All authors’ names should be given in a bibliography. Word order and punctuation are the same as for three authors. In a note, only the name of the first author is included, followed by “and others” or, especially in science, “et al.,” with no intervening comma.
*Full Note
4. Jeri A. Sechzer and others, eds., Women and Mental Health (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996), 243.
*Bibliographic
Sechzer, J.A., S.M. Pfaffiln, F.L. Denmark, A. Griffin, and S.J. Blumenthal, eds.
Women and Mental Health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press,
1996.
Books with an Unknown author
*Full Note
5. The Men’s League Handbook on Women’s Suffrage (London, 1912), 23.
*Bibliographic
The Men’s League Handbook on Women’s Suffrage. London, 1912.
Edited Work without an Author
*Full Note
6. Marshall Sklare, ed., Understanding American Jewry (New Brunswick,: Transaction, 1982), 49.
*Bibliographic
Sklare, Marshall, ed. Understanding American Jewry. New Brunswick:
Transaction, 1982.
Edited Work with an Author
*Full Note
7. William L. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall, ed. Terrence J. McDonald (Boston: Bedford, 1994), 33.
*Bibliographic
Riordon, William L. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall. Edited by Terrence J. McDonald.
Boston: Bedford, 1994.
Translated Work
*Full Note
8. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, News of Kidnapping, trans. Edith Grossman (New York: Knopf, 1997), 154-67.
*Bibliographic
Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. News of Kidnapping. Translated by Edith Grossman.
New York: Knopf, 1997.
Edition Other Than the First
*Full Note
9. Andrew F. Rolle, California: A History, 5th ed. (Whelling: Harlan Davidson, 1998), 243-46.
*Bibliographic
Rolle, Andrew F. California: A History. 5th ed. Whelling: Harlan Davidson,
1998.
Chapter in a Single-Author Book
*Full Note
10. James B. Ashbrook and Carol Rausch Albright, “The Frontal Lobes, Intending, and a Purposeful God,” in The Humanizing Brain (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1997), 117-63.
*Bibliographic
Ashbrook, James B., and Carol Rausch Albright. “The Frontal Lobes, Intending,
and a Purposeful God.” Chap. 7 in The Humanizing Brain. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1997.
Contribution to a Multi-author Book
*Full Note
11. Anne Carr and Douglas J. Schuurman, “Religion and Feminism: A Reformist Christian Analysis,” in Religion, Feminism, and the Family, ed. Anne Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996), 11-32.
*Bibliographic
Carr, Anne, and Douglass J. Shuurman. “Religion and Feminism: A Reformist
Christian Analysis.” In Religion, Feminism, and the Family, edited by Anne
Carr and Mary Stewart Van Leeuwen, 11-32. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.
Volume within a Multi-Volume Work
*Full Note
12. Sewell Wright, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, vol. 2, Theory of Gene Frequencies (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969), 129.
*Bibliographic
Wright, Sewell. Theory of Gene Frequencies. Vol. 2, Evolution and the Genetics of
Populations. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1969.
Article in a Journal Paginated by Volume
*Full Note
13. Paula Findlen, “Possessing the Past: The Material World of the Italian Renaissance,”American Historical Review 103 (1998): 86.
*Bibliographic
Findlen, Paula. “Possessing the Past: The Material World of the Italian
Renaissance.” American Historical Review 103 (1998): 86.
Article in a Journal Paginated by Issue
*Full Note
14. Robert Darnton, “The Pursuit of Happiness,” Wilson Quarterly, no. 4 (1995): 42.
*Bibliographic
Darnton, Robert. “The Pursuit of Happiness.” Wilson Quarterly, no. 4 (1995): 42.
Article in a Magazine
Page numbers may be omitted when dealing with magazines, but they may also be included. The date is the most essential information aside from the titles and author.
*Full Note
15. Andrew Weil, “The New Politics of Coca,” New Yorker, May 15, 1995, 70.
*Bibliographic
Weil, Andrew. “The New Politics of Coca.” New Yorker, May 15, 1995, 70.
Headline in a Magazine
Headlines or summaries may be capitalized sentence style.
*Full Note
16. Tracy Metz, “Behnisch, Behnisch & Partner let the environmentalists at the IBN-DLO institute in Holland practice what they preach,” Architectural Record, January 2000.
*Bibliographic
Metz, Tracy. 2000. “Behnisch, Behnisch & Partner let the environmentalists at the
IBN-DLO institute in Holland practice what they preach.” Architectural Record, January.
Department in Magazines
Titles of regular departments in magazines are capitalized headline style but not put in quotation marks.
*Full Note
17. Debra Klein, Focus on Travel, Newsweek, April 17, 2000.
*Bibliographic
Klein, Debra. Focus on Travel. Newsweek, April 2000.
Article in a Newspaper
It is recommended that page numbers be omitted for newspapers since they vary depending on the edition. However, editions and section numbers or names may be given.
*Full Note
18. Lena H. Sun, “Chinese Feel the Strain of a New Society,” Washington Post, June 13, 1993, sec. A.
*Bibliographic
Sun, Lena H. “Chinese Feel the Strain of a New Society.” Washington Post, June
13, 1993, sec. A.
Headline in a Newspaper
Unlike with magazines, either sentence style or headline style may be used with headlines. However, since headlines are usually grammatical sentences, sentence style is preferable. Notice that if an article or feature is unsigned by an author, the newspaper title comes first in the bibliography.
*Full Note
19. “Pushcarts Evolve to Trendy Kiosks,” Lake Forester, March 23, 2000.
*Bibliographic
Lake Forester, “Pushcarts Evolve to Trendy Kiosks,” March 23, 2000.
Regular Columns in a Newspaper
*Full Note
20. Gretchen Morgenson, “Applying a Discount to Good Earnings News,” Market Watch, New York Times, sec. 3, April 23, 2000.
*Bibliographic
Morgenson, Gretchen. “Applying a Discount to Good Earnings News.” Market
Watch. New York Times, April 23, 2000, sec. 3.
Book Reviews
*Full Note
21. Allan Gibbard, “Morality in Living: Korsgaard’s Kantian Lectures,” review of The Sources of Normativity, by Chrstine M. Korsgaard, Ethics 110, no. 1 (1999): 140-64.
*Bibliographic
Gibbard, Allan. “Morality in Living: Korsgaard’s Kantian Lectures.” Review of
The Sources of Normativity, by Chrstine M. Korsgaard. Ethics 110, no. 1
(1999): 140-64.
Published or Broadcast Interviews
*Full Note
22. Jesse Jackson, interview by Marshall Frady, Frontline, PBS, April 30, 1996.
*Bibliographic
Jackson, Jesse. Interview by Marshall Frady. Frontline. PBS, April 30, 1996.
DVDs and Videocassettes
Note that individual scenes in a movie are treated as chapters.
*Full Note
23. “Crop Duster Attack,” North by Northwest, DVD, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000).
*Bibliographic
“Crop Duster Attack.” North by Northwest. DVD. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000.
Online Magazine
*Full Note
24. Jessica Reaves, “A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids,” interview with James Rosen, Time, March 14, 2001, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,102
442,00.html (accessed July 10, 2001).
*Bibliographic
Reaves, Jessica. “A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids.” Interview with James
Rosen. Time, March 14, 2001. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8
599,102442,00.html (accessed July 10, 2001).
Online Newspaper
*Full Note
25. Richard Stenger, “Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Privacy Fears,” CNN.com, December 20, 1999, http:www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/
20/implant.device/ (accessed January 2, 2000).
*Bibliographic
Stenger, Richard. “Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Privacy Fears.”
CNN.com, December 20, 1999. http:www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/ 20/implant.device/ (accessed January 2, 2000).
Electronic Journals
*Full Note
26. M. Tornikoski and others, “Radio Spectra and Variability of Gigahertz-Peaked Spectrum Radio Sources and Candidates,” Astronomical Journal 121, no. 3 (2001), http:www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJ/journal/issues/v121n3/200486/200486/html (accessed January 3, 2002).
*Bibliographic
Tornikoski, M., I. Jussila, P. Johansson, M. Lainela, and E. Valtaoja. “Radio
Spectra and Variability of Gigahertz-Peaked Spectrum Radio Sources and Candidates.” Astronomical Journal 121, no. 3 (March 2001): 1306-18. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJ/Journal/issues/v121n3/200486/200486.html (accessed January 3, 2002).
[7]7. Sandra Pouchet Paquet, Caribbean Autobiography: Cultural Identity and Self Representation (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 2002), 12.