Name: ______
WH/GEO I – SOL Review Packet75 points
These questions cover the essential knowledge that ison the SOL.
Remember: All questions need to be answered completely and in complete sentences. (HANDWRITTEN/IN YOUR OWN WORDS)
I will be answering the: (Circle) EVEN or ODD
1. What defines absolute location?
Absolute location is defined by an exact location on a map. It can be either latitude and longitude coordinates or an address that can be pinpointed on a map
2. How has the movement of people been significant to world history?
The movement of people has led to cultural diffusion or the sharing of ideas, culture, and technology.
3. Homo Sapiens first emerged on what continent? How many years ago?
Homo Sapiens first emerged in East Africa between 100, 000 and 400, 000 years ago.
4. Early hunter-gatherers depended on wild plants and animal life and were sometimes forced to migrate to new locations for food. This made them what type of people?
Moving from place to place in search of food with no permanent homes made hunter-gatherers NOMADS
5. What were the key characteristics of societies of the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)?
Nomadic, simple tools and weapons, learned to use and make fire, lived in clans, oral language, cave art
6. What were the major characteristics of the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)?
Developed agriculture (domesticated plants), Domesticated animals, Advanced tools, pottery, weaving skills
7. What is carbon dating?
Carbon dating is a method of dating artifacts by determining the amount of radio-active carbon that is still present in the object.
8. What site in England was begun in the Neolithic Age but finished in the Bronze Age?
Stonehenge
9. Why were river valleys important to the development civilization?
These river valleys offered rich soil and irrigation water for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations that provided protection from invaders.
10. What civilization emerged in the Nile River Valley and Delta?
The Egyptian civilization emerged in the Nile River Valley and Delta. Pyramids, Pharaohs, Hieroglyphics, and Papyrus.
11. The valleys of what two rivers served as the home to Mesopotamian civilization?
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
12. Indian civilization first emerged in what river valley?
Indian Civilization emerged in the Indus River Valley in the modern day country of Pakistan.
13. Chinese civilization first emerged in what river valley?
Chinese civilization first emerged in the Haung He River Valley (Yellow River)
14. Where did the Phoenicians settle?
The Phoenicians settled in independent city states along the Mediterranean coast in what is modern day Lebanon.
15. What is a city-state?
A city state is the city accompanied with its surrounding land.
16. What was the first written law code? (it was created by a Babylonian ruler)
The first written code of law was written by the Babylonian King Hammurabi. It was known as Hammurabi’s Code
17. Because of agricultural surpluses, certain people were able to engage in tasks and jobs other than farming. What was this development called?
Because of agricultural surpluses, certain people took to other jobs and tasks besides farming. This was known as specialization or specialized labor.
18. Which group of people were the first to practice monotheism?
The Hebrews were the first group of people to develop a monotheistic religion.
19. Who is Abraham and why is he important?
Abraham entered into the first covenant with God. It was said that if he and his people would believe in and follow God, he would take them to the promise land of Canaan. Abraham is seen as the Father of Judaism. Also an important figure in Christianity and Islamic beliefs.
20. Who was Moses and why is he important?
Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt. Crossed the Red Sea and received God’s laws, the Ten Commandments, from god atop of Mount Sinai. This was the second covenant that the Hebrews made with God.
21. What is the holy book of Judaism ? Identify the major beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism.
The holy book of Judaism is the Torah, the first five books of the old testament. Monotheistic Religion, Ten Commandments. Capital of Israel wasJerusalem
22. What was the Diaspora?
The Diaspora was the forced exile, or kicking out, of the Jews (Hebrews) from their homeland
23. What is the name of the earliest written symbols, where pictures would represent ideas?
Pictograms or Pictographs
24. What was the form of writing in Egyptian civilization?
Egyptian writing took the form of hieroglyphics
25. What was the form of writing in Sumer?
Writing in Sumer was known as cuneiform. Tee shaped wedges marked into clay tablets. It was the world’s first written language.
26. What were the key characteristics of the Persian rule and government?
Key characteristics of Persian rule and government were Tolerance of the religion and culture of the people they conquered, Construction of the Road System (Royal Road), and Imperial Bureaucracy.
Remember the phrase that pays.
27. What was the official religion of Persia? What were its key beliefs?
Zoroastrianism was the official religion of Persia. It was a monotheistic religion that believed in two opposing forces in the universe (good and evil), It gave us our first idea of the belief in heaven and hell.
28. Why is India considered a subcontinent?
It is considered a sub-continent because it is separated from the rest of the Asia by Mountains.
29. What physical and geographical barriers made invasion of India very difficult?
Physical and geographic barriers that made invasion of India difficult were the Himalayas and Hindu Kush mountains and well as the Indian Ocean
30. What group of people were eventually able to invade India? How did they get there?
Aryans, Indo-Europeans, eventually were able to invade India through the Khyber Pass. Brought with them a caste system based on skin color.
31. What are the key characteristics and beliefs of Hinduism?
Beliefs in many forms of one god (polytheism), Reincarnation, Dharma, Karma, Vedas and Upanishads
32. What is reincarnation?
In Hinduism, Reincarnation is the rebirth of one’s atman based upon one’s Karma
The cycleof life and rebirth is known as Samsara
33. Explain the concept of Karma?
Karma is the sum total of your Good or Bad deeds. It is the knowledge that all actions result in future consequences (through reincarnation)
34. What are the sacred writings of Hinduism?
The Vedas and the Upanishads are the sacred writings of Hinduism
The Vedas contain the scriptures and verses while the Upanishads carry the meanings and interpretations.
35. Who founded Buddhism? Where was it founded?
Buddhism was found by Siddhartha Gautama in the Part of India that is now Nepal (Northern)
36. What are the Four Noble Truths?
1. All Life is Suffering 3. To End Suffering, we must end Desire
2. Suffering is the result of Desire 4. To End Desire, Follow the Eightfold Path
37. What is the Eightfold Path? Identify the eight steps.
The EightFold path was the “Middle Way” and how one would end suffering by ending desire.
Right View, Right, Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration
38. Explain the key characteristics and beliefs of Confucianism.
Belief that humans are good and not bad, Respect for Elders (Fileal Piety), Code of Politeness, Emphasis on Education,.Ancestor Worship, 5 relationships that helped with social harmony.
39. Explain the key characteristics and beliefs of Taoism (Daoism).
Humility, Simple Life and Inner Peace, Harmony with Nature. Their was a universal force (the way or Dao) that led people to where they needed to be.
40. What is the Great Wall? Why was it built? Who was responsible for its construction?
The Great Wall was a wall built in Northern China to protect it from invader’s from the North. It was built under the direction of Qin Shi Haungdi.
41. What idea was used by Chinese rulers to justify their rule? It lasted only as long as what?
Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven, where the right to rule came from the gods. In this system, they only ruled as long as their rule was just.
42. What symbol is used to represent opposites in both Confucianism and Taoism?
The Yin and Yang represent opposing forces in both Confucianism and Daoism
Light vs. Dark, Good vs. Evil, Etc.
43. What geographical term is used to describe the location of Greece?
Greece location can be termed as the Aegean Basin. It consists of the Aegean Sea, the Balkan Peninsula, and the archipelagos that make up Greece.
44. How did the mountainous terrain on the Greek peninsula affect its growth and unity?
Agriculture was limited due to mountainous terrain. Also prevented Greece from unifying under a central government. Greece developed as independent city states due to the terrain and how it separated them.
45. What was the purpose of the Greek gods and goddesses? What things did Greek mythology explain?
Greek mythology offered explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events. Greek mythology symbols and images are seen in Western Literature, Art, and Architecture
46. The following deities were gods of what? (Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Aphrodite)
Zeus – Thunder, King of the Gods Hera- Marriage Apollo – Light (sun), healing
Artemis – Goddess of the Hunt Athena- Goddess of Wisdom
Aphrodite – Goddess of Beauty and Love
47. Which city-state developed the most democratic system of government in history?
Athens developed the most democratic system of government in history when they practiced Direct Democracy. A system of Democracy in which EVERY citizen has the right to participate and vote in the government.
48. Which groups of people had no political rights in Ancient Greece? What people were considered citizens in Ancient Greece?
Women and slaves had no rights in ancient Greece. Citizens were considered to be adult, free males
49. Athens evolved through what four forms of government (in order)?
Monarchy, Oligarchy (Aristocracy), Tyrant, Democracy
50. Who was Draco and why was he important?
Draco was a Tyrant of Ancient Athens. He created a very harsh code of law known as Draconian Law where most offenses were punished by death.
51. Who was Solon and why was he important?
Solon was a tyrant in ancient Athens. His most notable contribution was the outlawing of debt slavery
52. Sparta had what form of government? Which means what?
Sparta was governed by an Oligarchy which is when the power to rule is held by a few people.
53. What were the major qualities and values of Spartan society?
Oligarchy (ruled by a small group), Rigid Social Structure, Militaristic and aggressive Society
54. What wars were fought by the Greeks from 499-449BC that united Athens and Sparta?
These were known as the Persian Wars. Athens and Sparta (along with other Greek City States) to defend Greece from the attacks of the Persian Empire
55. What was the Battle of Marathon and why was it important?
Site of major battle in the 1st Persian War. Greeks held of Persians and as the Persians retreated to their ships. The Greeks attacked. Persians returned to their homes.
56. What was the Battle of Salamis and why is it important?
This was a naval battle during the second Persian War, following the destruction of Athens. The Greeks tricked the Persians into a narrow bay at the island of Salamis. This ended the Persian Wars.
57. What war lasted from 431-404BC and pitted Sparta against Athens?
This was the Peloponnesian War.
58. Athens led what military alliance?
The Delian League. It was known as the Delian league because their treasury was located on the Island of Delos.
59. Sparta led what military alliance? Who won the conflict?
Sparta led the Peloponnesian League in the Peloponnesian War against Athens and its allies, the Delian League.
Sparta and its allies win the conflict.
60. What individual led Athens during its Golden Age? What were his major achievements?
Pericles was the leader of Athens during its Golden Age. His accomplishments were to expand Democracy, strengthen the Empire, and Beautify the city of Athens.
61. What is the Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a temple built to the Goddess Athena atop the acropolis in Ancient Athens
62. What poet spoke of the Trojan Wars? What are his epic poems called?
Homer was the blind poet that told stories of the Trojan Wars. His epic poems were The Illiad and The Odyssey
63. Which Greek artist was famous for his sculpture of Athena at the Parthenon?
Phidias was the artist best known for h is sculpture of Athena at the Parthenon.
64. What were the three types of Greek columns and what were their major characteristics?
Doric – no base, very plain or basic capital
Ionic – Base, Capital that looked like scrolls
Corinthian – Base, very elaborate or decorative capital
65. Who was Hippocrates and why was he important?
Greek Scientist, was considered the “Father of Medicine”
66. Who was Euclid and why was he important?
Greek Mathematician, was considered the “Father of Geometry”
67. Who was Pythagoras and why was he important?
Greek Mathematician, worked in Geometry. Pythagorean Theorem
68. Who were the three major philosophers and what were their major contributions?
Socrates-
Plato-
Aristotle-
69. What individual was responsible for conquering Greece? Where was from?
King Philip II of Macedonia conquered the Greek city states after they were too weak to fight as a result of the Peloponnesian War.
70. Who adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout this vast empire?
Alexander the Great adopted Greek Culture and blended it with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian Culture to create what is known as Hellenistic Culture and he spread this culture throughout his empire
71. What was the Hellenistic Age and why was it important?
It was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian Cultures. Hellenistic culture was spread through trade.