Use Figure 10.3 to Describe the Structure & Function of Chloroplasts

Use Figure 10.3 to Describe the Structure & Function of Chloroplasts

Chapter 29

  1. Describe the structure and function of the adaptations that allow plants to live on land.

Chapter 10

  1. Use Figure 10.3 to describe the structure & function of chloroplasts.
  2. In Figure 10.9 Englemann used a prism to separate white light to determine what wavelengths of light allowed algae to grow best. If Englemann had used a filter that allowed only red light to pass through, how would the results have differed? How would the results have differed if he grew algae in green light?
  3. Use Figure 10.13 to describe the flow of electrons from water to NADP+.
  4. Compare & contrast the production of ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondria.
  5. Use Figure 10.17 to describe specifically how the light reactions enable the production of ATP in the thylakoid membrane.
  6. In an experiment, isolated chloroplasts were placed in an illuminated solution with the appropriate chemicals can carry out ATP synthesis. Predict what would happen to the rate of synthesis if a compound is added to the solution that makes membranes freely permeable to hydrogen ions.
  7. Use Figure 10.18 to describe the Calvin Cycle. Be sure to include all the reactants & products.
  8. Explain how a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin Cycle will also inhibit the light reactions.
  9. The presence on only PS I, not PS II, in the bundle-sheath cells of C4 plants has an effect on O2 concentration. What is that effect, and how might that benefit the plant?

Chapter 35

  1. If humans were photoautotrophs, making their own food by capturing light energy for photosynthesis, how might our anatomy be different? Be sure to address surface area and dehydration in your response.
  2. Suppose a gardener uproots some carrots after one season and sees they are too small. Carrots are biennials, and so the gardener leaves the remaining plants in the ground, thinking their roots will grow larger during their second year. Is this a good idea? Explain why or why not.
  3. Stomata and lenticels are both involved in exchange of CO2 and O2. Why do stomata need to be able to close but lenticels do not?
  4. Would you expect a tropical tree to have distinct growth rings? Why or why not?

Chapter 36

  1. Compare & contrast the Casparian strip and tight junctions.
  2. The pathogenic fungus Fusicoccum amygdali secretes a toxin that activates the plasma membrane proton pumps of plants cells and leads to uncontrolled water loss. Suggest a mechanism by which the activation of proton pumps could lead to severe wilting.
  3. Why can xylem transport water and minerals using dead cells, whereas phloem requires living cells?
  4. Apple growers in Japan sometimes make a non-lethal spiral slash around the bark of trees that are destined for removal after the growing season. This practice makes the apples sweeter. Why?
  5. Compare and contrast plasmodesmata and gap junctions.

Chapter 37

  1. Explain how the phrase “too much of a good thing is a bad thing” can apply to watering and fertilizing a plant. Consider each one separately.
  2. Some lawn mowers collect clippings for easy disposal. What is a drawback of this practice with respect to plant nutrition?
  3. How would adding clay to a loamy soil affect the soil’s capacity to exchange cations and retain water? Explain. Consider each one separately.
  4. Based on Figure 9.18, on page 176, explain why ethanol accumulates in plant roots subjected to water logging.
  5. How do soil bacteria and mycorrhizae contribute to plant nutrition?

Chapter 38

  1. Use Figure 38.4 to discuss the development of male and female gametophytes.
  2. Using Figure 38.6, describe the process of pollination and double fertilization. Be sure to state the benefit of double fertilization in angiosperms.
  3. What is the benefit of seed dormancy?
  4. If flowers had shorter styles, pollen tubes could more easily reach the embryo sac. Suggest an explanation for why very long styles have evolved in most flowering plants.

Chapter 39

  1. What are the morphological differences between dark- & light-grown plants? Explain how etiolation helps a seedling compete successfully.
  2. By using Figure 39.5 as a reference, how could you experimentally determine which colors of light cause the most phototropic bending?
  3. Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) inhibits auxin transport. If a tiny agar bead containing TIBA were placed off-center on the tip of an intact coleoptile, which way would the coleoptile bend: toward the side with the bead or away from it?
  4. Fusicoccin is a fungal toxin that stimulates the plasma membrane H+ pumps of plant cells. How might it affect the growth of isolated stem sections?
  5. If an enzyme in field-grown soybean leaves is most active at noon and least active at midnight, is its activity under circadian regulation? How could this be determined?
  6. A guard absentmindedly turns on the lights in a greenhouse one night, but the plants still flower on schedule. Propose 2 reasons why they were not affected by the interruption of darkness.
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