Unit 9: Guided Reading Notes: Pg. 534-562 Name: ______Period: _____

Unit 9: Guided Reading Notes: Pg. 534-562 Name: ______Period: _____

History of Prints:

1. The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised by, ______in 1883.

2. The Bertillon system relied on a detailed description of the subject as wells a system of precise body measurement known as ______.

3. The use of fingerprints dates back to the ______who used them to sign legal ______.

4. In 1892, ______published the classic textbook ______, the first book of its kind on the subject. In the book, Galton discussed the anatomy of a print and suggested methods of recording them. He also proposed assigning fingerprints to three pattern types - ______, ______, and ______.

5. In 1891, Dr. ______devised a ______system capable filing thousands of prints in a logical and searchable sequence. It is still used today in most Spanish speaking countries.

6. In 1897, Sir ______proposed another classification system that was adopted by ______. Most English speaking countries use a version of this system.

7. In the US, the first systematic use of fingerprints for identification was adopted by the ______in 1901, and was used to certify job applications.

8. The ______had the largest collection of fingerprints in the world.

9. The admissibility of fingerprint evidence was challenged in 1999 in the case of U.S. v. ______, where the defense argued fingerprints could not be proven unique.

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints:

10. First Principle: Fingerprint is an ______characteristic; No two fingers have yet found to possess identical ______.

11. According to Galton, mathematical models show there are possibly ______billion possible fingerprints in existence.

12. The individuality of a fingerprint is determined by ridge characteristics, also known as ______. The average fingerprint has over ______individual ridge characteristics. Only ______to ______are considered sufficient to meet the criteria of individuality.

13. Second Principle: A fingerprint remains ______during an individual’s life.

14. Fingerprints are a reproduction of ______skin ridges. These surfaces on our hands and feet to provide us with a firm grasp and a resistance to slippage.

15. Each skin ridge is populated by a row of pores which ______is discharged. Perspiration, along with oils picked up by touch, is transferred onto a surface leaving an invisible print known as a ______fingerprint.

16. Third Principle: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be ______.

17. All fingerprints are divided into three classes: ______, ______, ______.

18. 65% of the population have ______, 30-35% have ______, and 5% have ______,

19. Loops:A loop must have one or more ______enter from one side of the print, recurve, and exit on the same side.

20. If the loop opens to the little finger, it’s called a ______loop. If it opens toward the thumb, it is a ______loop.

21. The pattern area of the loop is surrounded by two diverging ridges known as ______lines. A ______forms where two type lines diverge. All loops must have one delta.

22. Whorls: Are divided into four groups, ______, ______, ______, and ______. All whorl patterns must have type lines and at least 2 ______.

23. A plain and central pocket whorl have at least one ridge that makes a complete ______. If an imaginary line drawn between two deltas touches any of the spiral ridges it is a ______whorl. If it does not touch, it is a ______loop whorl.

24. A ______loop is made up of two loops combined into one fingerprint. A ______whorl contains two or more patterns or is a pattern not covered by other categories.

25. Arches:The ______common pattern is divided into two groups’ ______arches and ______arches. The plain arch is formed by ridges enter one side and ______the other. These ridges tend to ______in the center forming a ______pattern. The tented arch is similar, except there is a ______up thrust or meets at an angle less than ______. Arches do not have ______, ______, or ______

Classification of fingerprints:

26. The original Henry system, which converted ______patterns on all 10 fingers into a series of ______and ______arranged in the form of a ______, could only accommodate files of up to only ______sets of prints.

27. Due to the ever-increasing number of prints to classify, the ______system was established.

28. The first classification step of the FBI system is ______classification, which assigns a value to each finger based on the presence or absence of the ______pattern.

Methods of detecting prints:

29. ______prints are made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as ______, paint, grease, or ______.

30. ______prints are ridge impressions left on a ______material such as ______, wax, ______, or ______;

31. ______prints are invisible prints caused by the transfer of body ______or oils.

32. A Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System can locate most prints on most ______surfaces without the aid of chemical or powder treatments.

33. To develop latent prints criminalists may use fingerprint ______s that are applied lightly with a ______hair or fiberglass brush. These powders adhere to the residues and oils left on the surface.

34. ______and ______powders the are considered adequate for most latent-prints due to the amount of color ______with the surface being dusted.

35. Gray powders are composed of ______dust, while Black powders are generally composed of ______or ______.

36. Two other types of powders include ______sensitive powders as well as ______powders which fluoresce under UV light.

37. The oldest method chemical method used for visualizing latent prints is ______. Iodine crystals, when heated, transform into vapor without passing through liquid phase. This is known as ______.

38. Iodine vapors combine with constituents of the print to make it visible. Unfortunately iodine prints are not ______.

39. ______can be sprayed on a latent print causing a chemical reaction with amino acids in trace amounts of ______turning the print a ______color. Ninhydrin can be used on ______surfaces. Ninhydrin has been used on latent prints as old as 15 years.

40. ______developer is a ______based liquid reagent. This technique is effective on porous articles that may have been ______at one time. Unfortunately developer washes away any traces of ______from an objects surface, eliminating the use of other chemical reagents that can be used.

41. ______fuming is widely used on nonporous surfaces such as ______, electrical tape, leather, and plastic bags. The main ingredient of super glue, ______interacts and visualizes the latent print, usually producing a ______colored print.

42. DFO when applied to a porous surface, visualizes a print when exposed to an ______light source. DFO has been shown to be more effective than Ninhydrin when developing latent prints on ______.

Preservation of Developed Prints

43. Once a latent print has been visualized, it must be permanently preserved. A ______must be taken before any further attempt of preservation are made.

44. A common method for preserving prints developed with a powder is lifting with ______tape.

45. ______Imaging is a process through which a picture is converted into a series of ______electronic dots known as ______. This type of imaging can be used to ______fingerprints.

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