Unit 8 & 9 Test Review: Motivation, Emotion, Stress & Development

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AP Psych

Name:______Period:______Score:____/45

Unit 8 & 9 Test Review: Motivation, Emotion, Stress & Development

1.An instinctive behavior is one that is

a. / designed to reduce drives.
b. / triggered by an incentive.
c. / similar in all living organisms.
d. / unlearned.
e. / internally motivated.

2.Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

a. / drive reduction.
b. / set points.
c. / refractory periods.
d. / basal metabolic rate.
e. / a fixed behavior pattern.

3.For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce

a. / homeostasis.
b. / a drive.
c. / an instinct.
d. / the set point.
e. / basal metabolic rate.

4.The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as

a. / refractory period.
b. / instinct.
c. / homeostasis.
d. / metabolism.
e. / incentive.

5.Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called

a. / needs.
b. / incentives.
c. / set points.
d. / drives.
e. / instincts.

6.The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of

a. / refractory periods.
b. / set points.
c. / hunger.
d. / boredom.
e. / anorexia nervosa.

7.Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example of

a. / set points.
b. / a hierarchy of motives.
c. / homeostasis.
d. / erotic plasticity.
e. / instincts.

8.Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet

a. / became apathetic and lost interest in food.
b. / remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it.
c. / lost interest in sex and social activities.
d. / became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues.
e. / shifted cognitive focus away from food toward more accessible goals.

9.Hunger controls are located within the brain's

a. / hypothalamus.
b. / medulla.
c. / temporal lobe.
d. / amygdala.
e. / hippocampus.

10.Increases in ______increase hunger, whereas increases in ______decrease hunger.

a. / orexin; blood glucose
b. / blood glucose; ghrelin
c. / ghrelin; orexin
d. / obestatin; orexin
e. / estrogen; testosterone

11.When people's images on a video monitor are widened to make them look fatter, observers perceive them as

a. / kinder and more friendly.
b. / more sincere and less friendly.
c. / less sincere and less friendly.
d. / less kind and more friendly.
e. / more sincere and more friendly.

12.Having lost weight, formerly obese individuals have ______fat cells and ______metabolic rates.

a. / fewer; faster
b. / smaller; similar
c. / fewer; slower
d. / smaller; slower
e. / more; faster

13.When humans were able to establish social bonds with others, they were more likely to survive, reproduce and nurture their offspring to maturity. These actions are most closely related to which psychological perspective?

a. / cognitive
b. / psychodynamic
c. / evolutionary
d. / humanistic
e. / behavioral

14.People who spend time on social networking sites focused on their own desires and needs may be more likely to be viewed as

a. / having low self-esteem.
b. / a low need for affiliation.
c. / being part of a collectivist culture.
d. / narcissistic.
e. / pessimistic.

15.The basic components of emotion are

a. / sympathetic arousal, parasympathetic inhibition, and cognitive labeling.
b. / physical gestures, facial expressions, and psychological drives.
c. / expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience.
d. / cognition, affect, and behavior.
e. / physiological reaction, psychological reaction, biopsychosocial reaction.

16.Cassandra's mother told her, “You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside.” This remark best illustrates the ______theory of emotion.

a. / Cannon-Bard
b. / two-factor
c. / catharsis
d. / James-Lange
e. / adaptation-level

17.According to the ______, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

a. / Cannon-Bard theory
b. / James-Lange theory
c. / two-factor theory
d. / catharsis hypothesis
e. / adaptation-level principle

18.As people experience positive emotions, an increase in brain activity is most evident in the

a. / right frontal lobe.
b. / left frontal lobe.
c. / right occipital lobe.
d. / left temporal lobe.
e. / left occipital lobe.

19.Eva's boyfriend says he loves her, but she wants proof. To obtain the most trustworthy nonverbal signals of how he really feels, Eva should carefully observe

a. / his general body posture when he stands near her.
b. / the way he holds her hand when they walk together.
c. / how close he stands to her when they are talking.
d. / his facial expressions when they spend time together.
e. / the way he positions his legs when he sits near her.

20.The fight-or-flight response is to ______as the general adaptation syndrome is to ______.

a. / Walter Cannon; Meyer Friedman
b. / Meyer Friedman; Hans Selye
c. / Hans Selye; Walter Cannon
d. / Walter Cannon; Hans Selye
e. / William James; Walter Cannon

21.The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

a. / stress appraisal.
b. / resistance.
c. / alarm.
d. / adjustment.
e. / denial.

22.The heart begins to beat during the ______period of prenatal development.

a. / embryonic
b. / fetal
c. / zygotic
d. / ovular
e. / conceptual.

23.Newborn infants typically prefer their mother's voice over their father's voice because

a. / their rooting reflex is naturally triggered by higher-pitched sounds.
b. / they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male voices.
c. / they become familiar with their mother's voice before they are born.
d. / they form an emotional attachment to their mother during breast-feeding.
e. / they have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices during the first few days after birth.

24.A teratogen is a(n)

a. / fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.
b. / unborn child with one or more physical defects or abnormalities.
c. / chromosomal abnormality.
d. / substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child.
e. / zygote that fails to implant in the uterine wall after the conception stage.

25.When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the

a. / startle reaction.
b. / rooting reflex.
c. / grasping reflex.
d. / attachment reflex.
e. / attention reflex.

26.From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the

a. / frontal lobes.
b. / hypothalamus.
c. / cerebellum.
d. / brainstem.
e. / limbic system.

27.A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information is called a(n)

a. / assimilation.
b. / attachment.
c. / temperament.
d. / schema.
e. / neural network.

28.Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of

a. / egocentrism.
b. / object permanence.
c. / conservation.
d. / accommodation.
e. / secure attachment.

29.Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

a. / preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
b. / sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
c. / sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
d. / preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
e. / concrete operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational

30.The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky suggested that children's ability to solve problems is enhanced by

a. / basic trust.
b. / egocentrism.
c. / inner speech.
d. / conservation.
e. / imprinting.

31.Autism spectrum disorder is a disorder characterized by deficient social interaction and an impaired

a. / capacity for stranger anxiety.
b. / sense of object permanence.
c. / theory of mind.
d. / concept of conservation.
e. / attachment.

32.The presence of a secure base and safe haven infants can use when distressed has the greatest effect on the development of which of the following?

a. / attachment
b. / maturation
c. / self-concept
d. / critical period
e. / temperament

33.A critical period is a phase during which

a. / children frequently disobey and resist their parents.
b. / children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly.
c. / parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet trained.
d. / certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.
e. / parents form important attachments with caregivers.

34.One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates

a. / habituation.
b. / the rooting reflex.
c. / secure attachment.
d. / conservation.
e. / egocentrism.

35.Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be

a. / authoritarian.
b. / conservative.
c. / egocentric.
d. / permissive.
e. / authoritative.

36.Gender role refers to

a. / one's biological sex.
b. / a sense of being male or female.
c. / a set of expected behaviors for males and females.
d. / a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual.
e. / how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.

37.A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

a. / individualism.
b. / genome.
c. / temperament.
d. / gender typing.
e. / neural connections.

38.Parents can most effectively increase their influence on their children by

a. / encouraging their children to achieve athletic success.
b. / helping to select their children's neighborhood and schools.
c. / spacing the birth of their children over a large number of years.
d. / encouraging them to value individualism.
e. / using authoritarian rather than permissive parenting styles.

39.The selective loss of unused connections among brain cells is called

a. / pruning.
b. / imprinting.
c. / conservation.
d. / accommodation.
e. / habituation.

40.According to Kohlberg, morality based on a desire to uphold the laws of society is characteristic of the ______stage.

a. / preconventional
b. / preoperational
c. / conventional
d. / postconventional
e. / operational

41.According to Erikson, isolation is to intimacy as role confusion is to

a. / mistrust.
b. / guilt.
c. / competence.
d. / inferiority.
e. / identity.

42.Adolescents are most likely to be influenced by their parents with respect to ______, and they are most likely to be influenced by their peers with respect to ______.

a. / language accents; college choices
b. / dating practices; religious faith
c. / bedtime preferences; political views
d. / career aspirations; clothing preferences
e. / learning styles; morals

43.Research on people aged 65 and over has shown that

a. / most older people become increasingly fearful of death as they age.
b. / most older people experience a noticeable loss of visual sensitivity.
c. / most victims of Alzheimer's disease can reverse the disorder by becoming physically active.
d. / about 25 percent of those over 65 reside in health care institutions such as nursing homes.
e. / older adults experience a marked decline in sexual activity.

44.A cross-sectional study is one in which

a. / the same people are retested over a period of years.
b. / different age groups are tested at the same time.
c. / different characteristics of a given individual are assessed at the same time.
d. / the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers.
e. / variables are manipulated carefully between groups.

45.The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the

a. / frequency of their sexual intimacy.
b. / intensity of their passionate feelings.
c. / ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other.
d. / experience or nonexperience of a prior marriage.
e. / high level of attachment between the partners.