Unit 14: the World Between the Wars (Chap.27); APEH

Unit 14: The World Between the Wars (chap.27); APEH

After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement
Paris
Toward the Great Depression in Europe
Warren Harding
normalcy
Casualties from the war
Great Depression
Financial crisis
Crisis in the production
No major Western European country…
Financial Tailspin
France
Collect reparations from Germany
United States
Debts
1923
Default
French and Belgian occupied the Ruhr mining
Weimar Republic
General strike
Cost of the Ruhr occupation
American investment capital
May 1931
Kreditanstalt
U.S. President Herbert Hoover
One-year moratorium
Lausanne Conference
Problems in Agricultural Commodities
Market demand
Agriculture
Government held reserves of raw materials reached record levels
Stagnation
“Soft” domestic markets
Depression and Government Policy in Britain and France
‘Governments’
Moderate
Labour Party
Great Britain
King George V
Ramsay MacDonald
Labour
Conservative ministry
Stanley Baldwin
Irish State
Dublin
Sinn Fein
DailEireann
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Irish Free State
Northern Ireland
United Kingdom of Great Britain…
Free State
Neutral during WWII
French interwar..
Popular Front
Socialists
Soviet government in Russia
Fascist regime in Italy
Nazi dictatorship in Germany
The Soviet Experiment
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Revolution
Marxist-Leninist ideology
Epoch-making events…
War Communism
Leon Trotsky
Cheka
Dictatorship of the proletariat
War Communism
Workers and peasants
“Peace, Bread, and Land”
Mutinied at the Kronstadt
Red Army
The New Economic Policy
New Economic Policy
Industrial production
The Third International
The Third International of the European socialist movement
Comintern
Twenty-one Conditions
Separate communist
Stalin versus Trotsky
1924
Trotsky
Joseph Stalin
Left wing
Rapid industrialization
Voluntary collectivization
Pravada
Stalin
Continuation of Lenin’s NEP
Relatively slow industrialization
Support
“Socialism in one country”
Nationalized
Exiled to Siberia
The Decision for Rapid Industrialization
Party Congress
Rapid industrialization
“Industrialization by political mobilization”
Departure from NEP
Enemies
Five-year plans
State Planning Commission
Gosplan
Large Factory labor force
Results
Collectivization of Agriculture
Grain at prices…
Scarcity of consumers
First, they asserted that the traditional peasant holdings were too small to produce enough grain to meet the country’s needs
Second, they claimed that a class-enemy was responsible for the hoarding and for what they regarded as speculation in the grain trade
Kulaks
Collectivization
Dekulakization
Collectivization
Sabotaged Collectivization
Starved to death
2 million were forced out of their homes…
Prison camps
Ukraine
Russian Orthodox Church
Harsh treatment
By 1937, over 90 percent of Soviet grain production…
The Purges
The Great Purge
Assassination
December 1, 1934
Show trials
Politburo
Increasing Stalin’s authority
Eliminate any opposition
“Centrally authorized chaos”
“Old Bolsheviks”
The Fascist Experiment in Italy
Italy
Fascist
Benito Mussolini
Fascism
The Rise of Mussolini
Fasci di Combattimento
Milan
Duce
Benito Mussolini
Avanti
Il Popolod’Italia
Extreme nationalist writer
Gabriele D’Annunzio
The Socialist Party
Catholic Popular Party
Local squads
Chamber of Deputies
Black Shirts
March on Rome
King Victor Emmanuel III
Prime minister
The Fascist in Power
Dictatorial authority
Mussolini
Control of the Chamber of Deputies
Rule by Decree
Single-Party
Lateran Accord
Temporal Ruler
Catholicism
German Democracy and Dictatorship
The Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
Social Democrats
Versailles Treaty
Highly enlightened
Reichstag
Article 48
Possibility of presidential dictatorship
Kapp Putsch
In May 1921 the Allies presented a reparations bill…
Invasion of the Ruhr and Inflation
Economic woes
German currency fell
French invasion of the Ruhr
Weimar government
Unemployment soon spread from the Ruhr
Hitler’s Early Career
Adolf Hitler
Christian Socialist Party
German nationalism
Extreme Anti-Semitism
Hate Marxism
Fought in German army
Iron Cross
Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party
Nazis
Black Swastika
Twenty-Five Points
Socialist
Subordination
Storm Trooper
SA (Sturm Abteilung)
Captain Ernst Roehm
Brown-shirted uniform
Against the Weimar Republic
General Erich Ludendorff
Unsuccessful putsch
Convicted and sentenced to five years in prison
Mein Kampf
Fierce racial anti-Semitism
Opposition to Bolshevism
“living space”
Natural targets

The Stresemann Years

Gustav Stresemann
Reconstruction of the republic
HjamlarSchact
In 1924 the Weimar Republic and the Allies renegotiated the reparation payments
Dawes Plan
Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg
Locarno
Locarno Agreements of October 1925
The spirit of conciliation
Austen Chamberlain
Aristide Briand
France supported Geramn membership
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Renounce“War as an instrument of national policy”
Young Plan
Great Depression of the 1930’s

Depression and Political Deadlock
Hitler Comes to Power
Hindenburg
Franz von Papen
Another election was called in November
Civil War
Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany
Head of government
Support for Hitler
Hitler’s Consolidation of Power
The crushing of alternative political groups
Purging of rivals within the Nazi Party
Fire to the Reichstag
Emergency Decree
Enabling Act
National Socialists
1933, all major…
President Hindenburg died
Führer
Anti-Semitism and the Police State
Police state
SS (Schutzstaffel)
Heinrich Himmler
Attack on Jewish Economic Life
Anti-Semitism
Racial Legislation
Nuremburg Laws
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
The Final Solution
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women
German women
Preserving racial purity and giving birth
Racially fit for it