Time Period 1: 1450 1648 Study Guide

Time Period 1: 1450 – 1648 Study Guide

Vocabulary: Please identify the following terms in complete sentences. (1 sentence min)

Italian Renaissance-

Cosimo de Medici-

Sack of Rome 1527-

Secularism-

Humanism-

Patronage-

Leonardo Da Vinci-

Northern Renaissance-

Thomas More (Utopia)-

Louis XI-

Tudor Dynasty-

Reconquista-

Spanish Inquisition-

Holy Roman Empire-

Charles V-

Commercial Revolution-

Pluraism-

Nepotism-

Indulgences-

Martin Luther-

Johann Tetzel-

Henry VIII-

Anne Boleyn-

Act of Supremacy-

Mary Tudor-

Baroque Art-

Henry IV (France)-

Edict of Nantes-

Thirty Year’s War-

Treaty of Westphalia-

Stuart Dynasty-

Divine Right-

Charles I-

Oliver Cromwell-

Scientific Revolution-

Copernicus-

Heliocentric View-

Galileo-

Francis Bacon-

Scientific Method-

Astrology-

Paracelsus-

Ferdinand and Isabella-

God, Glory, Gold-

Capitalism-

Columbian Exchange-

Smallpox-

Treaty of Tordesillas-

“Golden Age of Spain”-

Middle Passage-

Dutch East India Company-

Short Answer (Regular short answer 2-3 sentences, not SAQ format)

1. Describe how the rediscovery of classical texts forever changed the educational system in Europe.

1. How did the printing press contribute to the Protestant Reformation?

1. Describe how the art styles differed between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. (Provide specific examples of art work from the Renaissance).

1. Describe at least one struggle between the quest for knowledge, and the Church’s desire to retain power.

1. Describe and provide an example of a society run by secular rules, and a society run by theological rules (can be from any time period).

1. Describe the concept of a dowry, how might royal families use this to create peace or gain territory?

1. Describe Martin Luther’s fundamental complaints against the Catholic Church.

1. Describe the events that led up to the St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre

1. Describe the concept of predestination.

1. Describe some of the contributions to exploration provided by the Scientific Revolution and the Renaissance.

1. List achievements in exploration by Portugal, Spain, and England.

1. How did the Columbian exchange change the world? Provide specific examples from both a European and American perspective.

Wars, Conflicts, Treaties, and Edicts:

SAQ’s:

Answer the following SAQ’s on the paper provided. Make sure you label which SAQ it is up top.

SAQ #1

Source 1

First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy…The protesting churchmen—the “reformers‟—responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or furtive opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience.

-Euan Cameron, “What Was the Reformation?”, 1991

Source 2

[What] led to a permanent division within the Church that had looked to Rome? This particular place is occupied by politics and the play of secular ambition. In short, the Reformation maintained itself wherever the lay power favored it; it could not survive where the authorities decided to suppress it…For this was the age of uniformity, an age which held at all times and everywhere that one political unit could not comprehend within itself two forms of belief or worship.

The tenet also rested on simple fact: as long as membership of a secular polity involved membership of an ecclesiastical organization, religious dissent stood equal to political disaffection and even treason. Hence governments enforced uniformity, and hence the religion of the ruler was that of his country….The Reformation was successful beyond the dreams of earlier, potentially similar, movements not so much because the time was ripe for it, but rather because it found favor with the secular arm. Desire for Church lands, resistance to imperial and papal claims, the ambition to create self-contained and independent states, all played their part in this.

-G.R. Elton, “A Political Interpretation of the Reformation,” 1958

1. Explain ONE major difference between Cameron’s and Elton’s interpretations of the driving forces behind the Protestant Reformation.

1. Provide ONE piece of evidence from the sixteenth century that supports Cameron’s interpretation and explain HOW it supports the interpretation.

1. Provide ONE piece of evidence from the sixteenth century that supports Elton’s interpretation and explain HOW it supports the interpretation.

Note: Remember that your evidence for B & C needs to come from beyond the passage.

SAQ #2

1. Briefly explain ONE specific effect the trade network above had on European societies during the seventeenth century.

1. Briefly explain a SECOND specific effect the trade network above had on European societies during the seventeenth century.

1. Briefly explain ONE specific effect the trade network above had on a non-European society during the seventeenth century.

SAQ #3

“I hereby bestow the full royal title of Henry VIII as ‘Defender of the Faith’, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland” – Pope Leo X on 17 October 1521

“ I hereby rescind the grant of the title ‘Defender of the Faith’ unto King Henry VIII” – Pope Paul III in 1538.

1. A. Briefly analyze the historical context of the time period encompassed in the quotes.

B. Provide ONE specific piece of evidence for which Henry VIII deservingly earned the title “Defender of the Faith” in the eyes of Pope Leo X.

C. Provide ONE specific piece of evidence for which Pope Paul III felt himself justified in rescinding Henry VIII’s ‘Defender of the Faith’.

SAQ #4

“We believe that the very Word of God is proclaimed, and received by the faithful; the Word of God remains still true and good without interpretation…Since God as Spirit is in essence invisible and immense, he cannot really be expressed by any art or image. We reject not only the idols of the Gentiles, but also the images of Christians.

We do not approve of the Roman clergy who have recently passed off only the Roman Church as catholic. The chief duty of the ruler is to secure and preserve peace and public tranquility. Doubtless he will never do this more successfully than when he is truly God-fearing and religious; he promotes the preaching of the truth and sincere faith, roots out lies and all superstition, together with all impiety and idolatry, and defends the Church of God.”

-The Second Helvetic Confession 1536

1. Provide one example of the change in the relationship between church and state in Europe after 1555.
2. Explain one theological disagreement that arose among Christians in the sixteenth century.
3. Analyze how the rise of different religious groups proved to be challenging for Europe.

LEQs

Pick and answer ONE of the following LEQS (Staple your LEQ to this packet) LABEL which one you answer.

1. Analyze various ways in which the Thirty Year’s War (1618-1648) represented a turning point in European History. (Periodization)
2. How and to what extent did methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism contribute to the Protestant Reformation (Causation)
3. Analyze the ways in which societies attitudes toward women persisted and changed during the Reformation in sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe.

M/C Questions:

“The books of those heresiarchs, who after the aforesaid year originated or revived heresies, as well as those who are or have been the heads or leaders of heretics, as Luther, Zqingli, Calvin, BalthsarFriedberd, Schwenkfeld, and others like these, whateer may be their name, title or nature of their herest, are absolutely forbidden. The books of other ehretics, however, which deal professedly with religion are absolutely condemned. Those on the other hand, which do not deal with religion and have by order of the bishops and inquisitors been examined by Catholic theologians and approved by them, are permitted. Likewise, Catholic books written by those who afterward fell into herest, as well as by those who after their fall returned to the bosom of the Church, may be permitted if they have been approved by the theological faculty of a Catholic university or by the general inquisition.

And if anyone should read or possess books by heretics or writings by any author condemned and prohibited by reason of herest or suspicion of false teaching, he incurs immediately the sentence of excommunication. He, on the other hand, who reads or possesses books prohibited under another name shall, besides incurring the guilt of mortal sin, be severely punished according to the judgment of the bishops.

-From “The Rules of Prohibited Books” – The Council of Trent

Which of the following most accurately describes the Catholic Church’s reaction to the Protestant Reformation as stated in the passage above?

1. The acceptance of the existence of the Protestant religions as long as any propaganda promoting them was eliminated.
2. The complete destruction of all religious literature regardless of what it promoted, so that only the word of God as heard through the Catholic Church was to be heard.
3. The Alteration of works that were seen as supportive of the Reformers in order to make them more friendly to the Catholic Church.
4. The decision to ban all works that were deemed supportive of any of the Protestant beliefs or reformers.

The Rules of Prohibited Books most directly reflected which of the following goals of the Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation?

1. To restore the former glory of the Catholic Church
2. To end the corruption of the Catholic Church prior to the Reformation.
3. To increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor over intellectual beliefs
4. The support of strict social codes such as those instituted by Calvin in Geneva.

Which of the following groups would have been the most supportive of “The Rules of Prohibited Books”?

1. The Lutherans
2. The Anabaptists
3. Jesuits
4. The Anglicans

Albeit, the King’s Majest justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virture in Christ’s religion within this real of England, and to repress and extirp all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same…”

-The Act of Supremacy, 1534.

What was Henry VIII’s primary purpose/reason for passing the Act of Supremacy in 1534?

1. To assure the continuation of the Tudor Monarchy in England
2. To Justify his power over the people of England
3. To support Luther and his attempts to reform the Catholic Church
4. To strengthen the Catholic Church’s control over England

What was the primary affect of the Act of Supremacy in terms of the power of the Monarchy?

1. It allowed the King to increase his economic control over the people.
2. It merged the political and religious authority of the Monarch
3. It weakened the power of the Bishops in the Church of England
4. It allowed the Church to gain economic independence from the Monarchy

Which of the following was an immediate result of the passing of the Act of Supremacy in 1534?

1. The execution of English Protestants
2. The establishment of the Anglican Church
3. The English Reformation
4. The recognition of the Presbyterian Religion

“EpistolaChristofori Colom..deinsulis Indie Supra Gangem, March 14, 1493 Published in Rome, April 1493

To compress into few words the entire summary of my voyage and speedy return, and of the advantages derivable therefrom, I promise, that with a little assistance afforded me by our most invincible sovereigns, I will procure them as much gold as they need, as great a quantity of spices, of cotton, and of mastic (which is only found in Chios, and as many men for the service of the navy as their Majesties may require. I promise also rhubarb and other sorts of drugs, which I am persuaded them men whom I have left in the aforesaid fortress have found already and will continue to find; for I myself have tarried in where longer than I was compelled to do by the winds, except in the city of Navidad, while I provided for the building of the fortress, and took the necessary precautions for the perfect security of the men I left there. Although all I have related may appear to be wonderful and unheard of, yet the results of my voyage would have been more astonishing if I had had at my disposal such ships as I required. But these great and marvelous results are not to be attributed to any merit of mine, but to the holy Christian faith, and to the piety and religion of our Sovereigns; for that which the unaided intellect of man could not compass, the spirit of God has granted to human exertions, for God is wont to hear the prayers of his servants who love his precepts even to the performance of apparent impossibilities”

Based on the passage above, which of the following is the primary motivation for exploring and establishing colonies?

1. Commercial motives
2. Religious motives
3. Nationalistic motives
4. Scientific motives

A historian studying first contacts between Europeans and Native Americans would be most interested in which of the following details from the passage?

1. American products of interest to Europeans
2. The position of religion in Columbus’ worldview
3. The building of a fortress in the New World
4. Columbus’ plans for future expeditions.

The attitudes expressed in this passage are most like which of the following periods in European history?

1. The mid to late 19th Century
2. The late 20th Century
3. The late 18th Century
4. The Mid 20th Century

“Whereas a certain controversy exists between the said lords, their constituents, as to what lands, of all those discovered in the ocean sea up to the present day, the date of this treaty, pertain to each one of the said parts respectively; therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, etc… It being the pleasure of their Highnesses, they, their said representatives, acting in their name and by virtue of their powers herein described, covenanted and agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole, on the said ocean sea, from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole.

This boundary or line shall be drawn straight, as aforesaid, at a distance of three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, being calculated by degrees, or by any other manner as may be considered the best and readiest, provided the distance shall be no greater than abovesaid. And all lands, both islands and mainland’s, found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line and bound determined as above, toward the east, in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound provided the said bound is not crossed, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors.

And all other lands, both islands and mainland’s, found or to be found hereafter, discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon, Etc… and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, Etc.. and to their successors.”

-Treaty between Spain and Portugal concluded at Tordesillas June 7th, 1494.

Who did Spain and Portugal turn to in order to settle their dispute over the newly “discovered” territories?

1. The Pope
2. The Holy Roman Emperor
3. The Inquisition
4. The King of England

Which of the following was NOT a long term result of the passing of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

1. Only one Latin American country has strong Portuguese cultural ties
2. The ultimate elimination of 99% of the Native American populations
3. Philip II’s decision to send the Spanish Armada to defeat Elizabeth I
4. The strong Spanish influence in Floridian Culture

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