The Ordeal of Reconstruction
Chapter 22
The Ordeal of Reconstruction
Terms to Know:
Freedman’s Bureau“10 percent” Reconstruction PlanWade-Davis PlanBlack Codes
Pacific Railroad ActCivil Rights Bill Fourteenth AmendmentReconstruction Act
Fifteenth AmendmentEx parte MilliganRedeemersWoman’s Loyal League
Union LeaguescalawagscarpetbaggersKu Klux KlanForce Acts
Tenure of Office ActSeward’s Folly
People to Know:
Oliver O. HowardAndrew JohnsonThaddeus StevensHiram Revels
Edwin StantonBenjamin WadeWilliam Seward
Questions
1. What four questions loomed at the end of the Civil War? ((p. 479)
2. What question lingered in regards to the Southern leaders during the Civil War? What did President Johnson for
Christmas in 1868? (p. 479)
3. What state was the South in both socially and economically after the war? (p. 479-480)
4. What happened to agriculture in the South? In what year did the South produce as much cotton as it did in 1870?
(p. 480)
5. Why was emancipation not consistent for all? After emancipation, what did many freed blacks do? Who were the
“exodusters?” What became very important in lack communities? What two churches grew immensely in size?
(p. 481-482)
6. What else did emancipation mean for freed blacks? Why did the American Missionary Association have to send
to send volunteer teachers? (p. 484)
7. Why did Congress create the Freedmen’s Bureau in March of 1865? What was the intended purpose of the
bureau? What general at later founder of Howard University headed the bureau? (p. 484)
8. In what field did the bureau achieve its greatest achievement? How was the bureau a lack of success? (p. 484)
9. Describe Andrew Johnson’s early life. How did he endear himself to the North during the Civil War? (p. 484-485)
10. Why did Lincoln and his Union party nominate him for vice-president? As a politician, what two things did he
dogmatically champion? (p. 485)
11. How was Andrew Johnson a misfit as a president? As the author states it, how was Johnson “the wrong man in
the wrong place at the wrong time? (p. 485)
12. What was Lincoln’s “10 percent” Reconstruction plan? What reaction did Lincoln’s plan have in Congress?
What did the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 require? How did Lincoln react to the bill? (p. 485-486)
13. How did the Wade-Davis bill highlight the differences between Lincoln and Congress in regards to the states that
seceded? (p. 486)
14. What two factions started to emerge in the Republican party and what did each side believe? (p. 486)
15. On what side of the debate did Johnson fall? What did he issue on May 29, 1865? What were the conditions of
his Reconstruction Plan? (p. 486)
16. What was the goal of the Black Codes and what state passed the first Black Codes? What did the Black Codes
passed by various states have in common? (p. 487)
17. What rights were forbidden to blacks under the codes? Why did many freed blacks slip into the dismal position
of sharecroppers? (p. 487)
18. Why did the Black Codes anger many in the North? (p. 487)
19. What shocked many Republicans in December of 1865? How many of these statesmen were associated with the
“lost cause” of secession? Why was it strange that Alexander Stephens was elected? (p. 488)
20. Why were many Republicans outraged at the newly elected Southern congressmen? What laws were passed by
Republicans from 1861-1865? Who did these laws favor? (p. 488)
21. What political advantage did the South gain as a result of emancipation? (p. 488)
22. Did the Republicans have legitimate fears? What did President Johnson do on December 6, 1865 to exacerbate
these fears? (p. 488)
23. What two bills did Johnson veto that led to him being called ‘Sir Veto” and Andy Veto?” What bill did the
Republicans want to have changed into an amendment? What were the details of the Fourteenth Amendment?
What stipulation did the Congressional Republicans have if a Southern state wanted to re-enter the Union? Did
the ‘sinful eleven” pass the 14th Amendment? (p. 489)
24. What was at the heart of the issue between the Congress and President Johnson? What did Johnson do to try to
gain votes for his supporters in the 1866 congressional elections? Was he successful? After the election, what
percentage did the Republicans have in both houses of Congress? (p. 489-490)
25. As a result of their majority, what could the Congress avoid? What two men played important roles in Congress
in regards to Reconstruction and supporting Blacks? What was one thing that both the Radical and Moderate
Republicans could agree on? (p. 490-491)
26. What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 stipulate? In regards to the right to vote for blacks, what did the
Reconstruction Act state? What fear did Radical Republicans still have? What amendment was passed in 1870
and what did it state? (p. 492)
27. Was the martial regime technically constitutional? What did the case Ex Pacte Milligan (1866) rule? (p. 492)
28. Who felt disenfranchised with the passing of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment? Why? What word did Stanton
and Anthony try to have added to the 15th amendment? How long would women have to wait until the right to
vote? (p. 493)
29. Why did many Southerners find the Republicans hypocritical in insisting the right to vote for blacks? What
league did blacks form in the North? What roles did the league play and what was its mission? (p. 494)
30. How many black congressman and senators were elected to serve in D.C. from 1868-1876? Who were
“scalawags” and “carpetbaggers?” What reforms did many of these radical legislatures pass? (p. 494-495)
31. What racist organization was founded in 1866 in Tennessee in response to the radical governments and
corruption? What happened in one Louisiana parish in 1868? What did Congress pass in response to the terror
and lawlessness created by the Klan? (p. 496)
32. How did the South openly flout the 14th and 15th amendments? What schemes were used to disenfranchise
blacks? (p. 496)
33. What did Radical Republicans falsely charge Johnson of doing? What did they hope to do with President
Johnson? What law did they pass in 1867? What was the goal in having this law passed? What did Johnson do
in 1868 that gave the radicals the pretext to impeach him? (p. 497)
34. Who tried Johnson and who attempted to prosecute him? What defense did Johnson’s lawyer use? Did the
House present a strong case for impeachment? Did the Senate vote to impeach him? By how many votes? (p.
497)
35. What were some of the reasons to not impeach Johnson and who was Ben Wade? (p. 497-498)
36. What did Russia want to sell in 1867? Why did they prefer to sell it to the United States? How much did
Secretary of State purchase Alaska for? What did many people call this purchase? Why did Congress and
American public sanction the purchase even though there was some outcry against it? (p. 498)
37. Why did many Southerners consider Reconstruction a more egregious act than the war itself? How did the
Republican actions backfire? (p. 499)