Students Can Check Their Answers Using Table 4 on Page 10 of the Student Book
1 The skeletal and muscular systemsAS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition
1 / Answers to student book tasksTASK 1
Joint number / Joint name / Bones that articulate1. / Wrist / Radius, ulna, carpals
2. / Radio-ulnar / Radius, ulna
3. / Elbow / Humerus, radius, ulna
4. / Shoulder / Head of humerus, glenoid fossa of scapula
5. / Spine / Vertebrae
The atlas and axis are the top two bones. The regions are: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx
6. / Hip / Head of femur, acetabulum of pelvis
7. / Knee / Femur, tibia
8. / Ankle / Tibia, fibula, patella
TASK 2
Type of bone / Example from body(Long) / Humerus/radius/ulna/metacarpals/phalanges/femur/tibia/fibula/metatarsals
Short / Carpals/talus/tarsals
Flat / Bones of the skull/sternum/scapula/bones of the pelvis
Irregular / Vertebrae/(facial bones)
Sesamoid / Patella
Type of cartilage / Function / Example from body
(Articular cartilage) / Supports and cushions joints/resists compression/provides friction-free movement / Found at the ends of long bones
Elastic cartilage / Maintains shape while allowing great flexibility / External ear
Fibrocartilage / Very strong shock absorber / Cartilaginous discs found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae/menisci in knee are discs of fibrocartilage
TASK 3
- Features that increase joint stability:
Feature of joint / Function
Joint capsule / The external layer (fibrous capsule) strengthens the joint so that bones are not pulled apart
Ligaments / These join bone and bone to reinforce and strengthen the joint
Meniscus / These discs of fibrocartilage improve the fit between the ends of long bones at a joint, making the joint more stable and minimising wear and tear
Muscle tone / Muscle tone keeps the tendons that cross a joint in a constant taut state; they therefore contribute to the stability of the joint
- Features that increase joint mobility:
Feature of joint / Function
Articular cartilage / Glassy-smooth cartilage that covers bone surfaces at joints and prevents friction during movement
Joint capsule / The internal layer (synovial membrane) covers all internal joint structures apart from the articular cartilage and secretes synovial fluid during movement, therefore reducing friction
Synovial fluid / This is secreted by the synovial membrane and the articular cartilage during movement; its egg-white consistency provides a slippery film within the joint to prevent friction during movement
Bursa / These are fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that prevent friction between adjacent joint structures during movement, e.g. in the shoulder joint between the scapula and long tendon on the biceps brachoo
TASK 4
Students can check their answers using Table 4 on page 10 of the student book.
TASK 5
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 6
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 7
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 8
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 9
Student’s own sporting examples.
TASK 10
Joint / Joint type / Articulating bones / Movements possible at jointWrist / Condyloid / Radius, ulna, carpals / Flexion, extension
Radio-ulnar / Pivot / Radius, ulna / Pronation, supination
Elbow / Hinge / Radius, ulna, humerus / Flexion, extension
Shoulder / Ball and socket / Head of humerus, glenoid fossa of scapula / Flexion, extension
Horizontal flexion, horizontal extension
Abduction, adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Spine / Cartilaginous, pivot, gliding / Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx) / Flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Hip / Ball and socket / Head of femur, acetabulum of pelvis / Flexion, extension
Abduction, adduction
Rotation
Knee / Hinge / Femur, tibia / Flexion, extension
Ankle / Hinge / Tibia, fibula, talus / Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
TASK 12
Student’s own answer.
TASK13
Upper limb / Joint movement / Agonist muscle / Antagonist muscleWrist joint / Flexion / Wrist flexors / Wrist extensors
Extension / Wrist extensors / Wrist flexors
Radio-ulnar joint / Pronation / Pronator teres / Supinator
Supination / Supinator / Pronator teres
Elbow joint / Flexion / Biceps brachii / Triceps brachii
Extension / Triceps brachii / Biceps brachii
Shoulder joint / Flexion / Anterior deltoid / Posterior deltoid
Extension / Posterior deltoid / Anterior deltoid
Horizontal flexion / Pectoralis major / Trapezius
Horizontal extension / Trapezius / Pectoralis major
Abduction / Middle deltoid / Latissimus dorsi
Adduction / Latissimus dorsi / Middle deltoid
Spine / Joint movement / Agonist muscle / Antagonist muscle
Spine / Flexion / Rectus abdominis / Erector spinae
Extension / Erector spinae / Rectus abdominis
Lateral flexion / Obliques / Obliques
Lower limb / Joint movement / Agonist muscle / Antagonist muscle
Hip joint / Flexion / Iliopsoas / Gluteus maximus
Extension / Gluteus maximus / Iliopsoas
Abduction / Gluteus medius / Adductor group
Adduction / Adductor group / Gluteus medius
Knee joint / Flexion / (Hamstrings)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus / (Quadriceps)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Extension / (Quadriceps)
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius / (Hamstrings)
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Ankle joint / Dorsiflexion / Tibialis anterior / Gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion / Gastrocnemius / Tibialis anterior
TASK14
Isotonic contraction / Isometric contractionConcentric contraction / Eccentric contraction
- Concentric contraction in the rectus abdominis during upward phase of exercise.
- The rectus abdominis produces tension and shortens.
- It pulls the upper body upwards to cause flexion of the hip & spine.
- Eccentric contraction occurs in the rectus abdominis during the downward phase of the exercise.
- The rectus abdominis produces tension and lengthens.
- It slows the lowering of the upper body and controls extension of the hip and spine.
- Isometric contraction occurs in the rectus abdominis when the muscle is holding the body still.
- The rectus abdominis develops tension and stays the same length.
- It stops flexion and extension of the hip and spine.
For question 2, the students will come up with their own answers.
TASK 15
Student’s own answer.
TASK 16
Student’s own answer.
TASK 19
This should lead the student into extension activities linked with long-term athletic development (LTAD) and research carried out into special consideration for young athletes.
TASK 20
Factor affecting the skeletal and muscular systems / Positive impact of physical activity and type of activity needed / Negative impact of physical activity and type of activity neededOsteoporosis / Low-impact activity in childhood & adolescence builds strong, healthy bones
High-impact activity is also encouraged to increase peak bone density / If somebody is already suffering from osteoporosis, high-impact activity can cause bone fractures at the site of the weakened bone & joint
With high-impact activity & contact sports there is an increased risk of sprains, strains & dislocations
Growth plate / Excessive and repetitive exercise can damage the growth plate
High-impact or contact activity can cause growth plate injuries
Osteoarthritis / Low-impact activity manages weight so less strain and joints and less wear and tear / Exercise carried out too frequently or at too high intensity promotes wear and tear on the joint and promotes the start of osteoarthritis
Joint stability / Low-impact activity strengthens muscles, ligaments, tendons & improves muscle tone, therefore increasing joint stability / Exercise that causes damage to the joints can reduce joint stability as ligaments and tendons are stretched, making the joint less stable
Posture & alignment / Low-impact activity strengthens muscles and muscle tone, improving posture
Swiss ball work strengthens multifidis and transverse abdmonis and improves core stability, which improves posture and alignment / A complete lack of physical activity or a sedentary lifestyle reduces muscle tone, reduces core stability and results in poor posture and alignment
© Owned by or under licence to Pearson Publishing Oxford Limited 20081