South Asia: Human Development Unit

Report No. 33

South Asia: Human Development Unit

Participation in IndiaAn Analysis of NSS 64th Round Data

DeepaSankar

January 2011

Discussion Paper Series

Discussion Papers are published to communicate the results of the World Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to the formally edited texts. Some sources cited in the paper may be informal documents that are not readily available.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

List of Acronyms

Introduction

Section 1: Secondary Education Provision Scenario in the Country

Section 2: Secondary Education Participation Trends

Section 3: Schooling Efficiency at Secondary

Section 4: Who Attends Secondary School? A Disaggregated Analysis

Section 5: Which School Does the Student Attend?

List of Tables

Table 1: Number of schools

Table 2: Availability of primary, middle and secondary schools

Table 3: Secondary schools by type of school management

Table 4: Access to secondary schools: Distance from households

Table 5: Proportion of 14-18 years old with access to a secondary school in desirable distance

Table 6: Age group wise proportion of children / youth in the age group of 5-29 years attending different streams / stages of Education

Table 7: Proportion of students from various age groups attending different stages of education

Table 8: Details of schooling efficiency as evident from NSS Household survey, 2007-08

Table 9: School participation by location and age group and by stage of education

Table 10: Description of variables

Table 11: Summary statistics of independent variables

Table 12: Predicted probabilities of attending and completing secondary education

Table 13: Multinomial logistic regression predicted probabilities of attending government, aided and private secondary schools

Acknowledgements

This analysis of National Sample Survey Organization’s 64th round data on Education was carried out to inform the preparation of the Secondary Education project in India. The findings of this analysis were presented to the officials of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India in December 2010. The author would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement provided by Amit Dar and Samuel Carlson. Karthika Radhakrishnan Nair managed the formatting and publishing support.

List of Acronyms

AIES / All India Education Survey
ASER / Age Specific Enrolment Ratios
CSS / Centrally Sponsored Scheme
GAR / Gross Attendance Ratio
GER / Gross Enrolment Ratio
GIA / Grants-in-Aid
GOI / Government of India
MHRD / Ministry of Human Resource Development
MPCE / Monthly Per capita Consumption Expenditure
NAR / Net Attendance Ratio
NCERT / National Council for Education Research and Training
NER / Net Enrolment Ratio
NSS / National Sample Survey
NSSO / National Sample Survey Organization
OBC / Other Backward Castes
RMSA / Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
SC / Scheduled Caste
SEMIS / Secondary Education Management Information system
SES / Selected Education Statistics
SSA / Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
ST / Scheduled Tribes

“Secondary education is essential for individual children to achieve their full potential, and for nations to advance social and economic development. Yet, only 60% of children of the appropriate age attend secondary school” (UNICEF,

Introduction

The significance of secondary education emerges from its critical role in promoting economic growth by determining the quality of those who enter labor market after schooling as well as those who pursue higher education. Secondary education is also important due to the positive externalities on promoting health, social cohesion and sustainable livelihood. Secondary education is undeniably the crucial stage in any education system, as it is in this stage that the elementary school graduates get their basic skillscemented and gain competencies that prepare them to enter either into higher education or into labor market.

While developed economies have been benefiting from developing secondary education early on (countries in North America and Western Europe have secondary gross enrolment ratios (GER) above 100%, while those in East Asia and Pacific are close to 100%), developing countries like India are at a critical juncture where the transformation to such a stage is under way. The Government of India (GOI) has launched a nation-wide program in the mode of a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) named Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA, literally translated as National Secondary Education Mission) in March 2009 aimed at improving equitable access to quality secondary education to all. The program is at its infant stage and its implementation needs to be seen in the context of a wide spectrum of issues. One set of issues are related to the opportunities for expansion and improvement of the sector while the other set of issues are mainly due to the size and range of challenges in the process.

The expansion of the secondary education program needs to take into account the impact of similar CSS in elementary education sector in the last decade and a half. The expansion of elementary education in the country (under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), the program for Universalization of Elementary Education) has resulted in an increase in the number of elementary school graduates. This has resulted inan increased demand for secondary education. At the same time, the changing requirements of global labor markets and that of higher education have resulted in focusing on the challenges of quality issues in secondary education sector. Thus the challenges in improving access and quality of secondary education are enormousand diverse – different States are at different levels of secondary education development and have differential capacity to address these issues. There are huge disparities in terms of rural and urban locations, gender, social and economic strata of societies etc.

For targeting the resources under the RMSA, it is important to build an evidence base that could inform the planning and policy decisions. At present, there is very little information available about the status of secondary education participation, except the number of secondary education institutions and students enrolled, as available from Selected Education Statistics (SES, published by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development [MHRD]), which is a consolidation of official (administrative) figures reported by States, the latest of which is available for 2007-08. The National University of Education Planning and Administration is the process of developing and consolidating SEMIS – Secondary Education Management Information system – envisaged as an annual Census of schools that impart secondary education and the facilities/ human resources therein. All these data systems, even at its best will only provide the supply side of secondary education provision. In order to make any social scheme targeted at needy people, it is important to know the demand side of the program and the reasons for participation or omission, for which information from household surveys are crucial.

So far, studies that look at who are the children attending secondary education in India has been far and few in between. A few studies that provide some information about the secondary education participation at the national level include the reports prepared by National Council for Education Research and Training (NCERT) using the Sixth and Seventh All India Education Surveys (1993-94 and 2002-03) and the reports published by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India based on the education round surveys (1987-88 and 1995-96), and the World Bank studies (2003 and 2009). To understand the secondary education participation from the household point of view, the data from NSS surveys is perhaps the best source today[1].

This analytical report presents the status of secondary education participation[2] in India using NSS 64th round (2007-08). The specific objectives of this policy note are to understand:

• the participation rates of adolescents in secondary education, disaggregated by gender, social and religious groups, household economic quintiles and different locations (rural /urban as well as across States)
• the transition patterns from elementary to secondary stage and dropouts in between, disaggregated; andthe proportion of population who had secondary education; and
• Participation in secondary education by type of management of schools.

This policy note is organized in the following way. In the first section, a brief account of the secondary education scenario in the country is provided. In the second section, overall secondary education participation is analyzed. In section three, an analysis of gender and social/ religious gaps in secondary education participation is taken up.

Section 1: Secondary Education Provision Scenario in the Country

Secondary education in India is divided into two stages: lower or junior secondary and higher or senior secondary. While the 1964 Kothari Commission recommended a four year secondary education system (which was reiterated by National Policy of Education (1986) and The National Policy on Education and program Action (1992)), the number of years of secondary education varies across States, depending on whether States have adopted an elementary education cycle of eight years[3]. While education is a subject in the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution, which makes it a responsibility of both Central and State governments, so far the States have been the major player in providing secondary education, with Centre’s role confined to programs such as Kendriya Vidyalayas (since 1965) and Navodaya Vidyalayas (since 1985)[4].

In 2002, the Seventh All India Education Survey (AIES) by NCERT reported that there were 90,741 secondary schools and 43,869 senior secondary schools in the country.As per the Selected Education Statistics (2007-08), the number of secondary schools and higher/senior secondary schools had increased to 113824 and 59166respectively in the country, an indication that many States had made some efforts to improve access to secondary education during the period.The data compiled from Secondary Education Management Information System for the year 2007-08 shows that the number of schools with secondary education sections is around 1.6 lacs (arrived at by including Higher secondary schools that have lower secondary sections / grades attached to it). See table 1 for the number of secondary and senior secondary schools in the country, State wise.

While the overall provision of secondary education seems to have improved, this provision needs to be looked from the point of demand in terms of the adequacy of available schools. In that sense, the adequacy of provision varied across States, and within States, across districts and the nature of provision. Nationally for every 7 primary schools a secondary school was available in 2006-07, this varies across States. For every two primary schools in Kerala, Karnataka, Haryana and Maharashtra, a secondary school was available while in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, on an average, only one secondary school was available for every 21 primary schools. Similarly, the share of States in total schools available also differs from their share in child population. For example, while Bihar accounts for around 10% of child population, it accounts for only around 2.6% of all secondary schools available in the country. On the other hand, Maharashtra, which roughly accounts for 9% of the child population, has around 14% of all secondary schools located in the State. This does not mean that Maharashtra has more schools; it simply indicates that the secondary school facilities available are not enough in the country, and the shortage is even acute in some states.See table 2.

As per the SES 2007-08, 39% of the secondary schools and 34.27% of the senior secondary schools were owned, financed and managed by government / local bodies, around 26% of the secondary schools and 30% of the senior secondary schoolswere privately managed, but are receiving grants-in-aid from government (aided schools). Around 35% of secondary schools and 36% of the senior secondary schools were owned, financed and managed by purely private sector (unaided). In the secondary school provision, government schools accounted for around 96% of all provision in Bihar, while 99% of all secondary schools in West Bengal were grants-in-aid (GIA) schools. In Uttar Pradesh, around 80% of all secondary schools were private unaided schools. Thus overall, there were huge variations across States in terms of who provides and how much. While the SES do not provide information on the geographical distribution of these schools, a broad trend is available from the AISES 2002. Accordingly to AISES 2002 statistics, around 70% of the secondary schools and around 52% of the senior secondary schools are in rural areas. See table 3 for details.

Irrespective of the number of schools, what is important for ensuring participation in secondary education is the “access” part – geographical, social and economic access. While the social and economic access will be taken up for discussion in the broader enrolment and attendance related discussion, it is important to look at the geographical distance to school. Ideally a school mapping exercise would throw best insights into the geographical access to a good quality school, due to lack of information for school mapping, here a simple analysis of finding out how far the secondary schools are from households as the NSS 64th round survey is taken up.

The North Eastern States have high proportion of households who have no access to secondary schools within 5 Km distance. Other hilly States like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh also have more than 10% households who do not have access to secondary schools within 5 km distance. States like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan also have very high proportions of households, especially in rural areas, far removed from the vicinity of a secondary school. See table 4 for details. It is not only that quite a sizeable proportion of households do not have access to secondary schools within 3 Km distance, but also that a large proportion of 14-18 years old children eligible to be attending secondary education also are quite far away from the secondary school locations. Table 5 provides the details.

Table 1: Number of schools

2002
AIES / 2007-08
SES / 2007-08
SEMIS / 2007-08
SEMIS / 2002
AIES / 2007-08
SES / 2007-08
SEMIS
Secondary / Secondary / Upto Secondary / Schools with secondary sections / Senior Secondary / Senior Secondary / Senior Secondary
AP / 12,343 / 16937 / 16,146 / 16,742 / 2,730 / 4032 / 1896
Arunachal P. / 132 / 163 / 150 / 244 / 72 / 97 / 94
Assam / 3,714 / 5072 / 4,392 / 5,146 / 765 / 748 / 1064
Bihar / 3,057 / 2951 / 2,787 / 2,934 / 322 / 795 / 151
Chhattisgarh / 1,213 / 2042 / 1,705 / 3,966 / 1,560 / 2184 / 2379
Goa / 344 / 375 / 368 / 376 / 76 / 82 / 83
Gujarat / 4,618 / 5523 / 5,239 / 8,152 / 2,463 / 2805 / 3488
Haryana / 3,436 / 3420 / 2,168 / 4,069 / 1,641 / 2675 / 1553
HP / 1,320 / 1300 / 1,294 / 2,832 / 807 / 1664 / 1901
J& K / 1,503 / 1025 / 2,094 / 2,928 / 386 / 473 / 836
Jharkhand / 1,165 / 1429 / 1,395 / 1,770 / 197 / 225 / 449
Karnataka / 7,721 / 11835 / 10,225 / 11,283 / 1,789 / 3426 / 2936
Kerala / 1,414 / 3145 / 2,847 / 3,303 / 1,600 / 2380 / 2091
M P / 4,094 / 4997 / 4,550 / 8,986 / 3,927 / 4675 / 4441
Maharashtra / 13,162 / 15762 / 14,246 / 18,953 / 3,488 / 4575 / 5316
Manipur / 540 / 701 / 670 / 759 / 112 / 103 / 141
Meghalaya / 514 / 676 / 666 / 796 / 83 / 98 / 159
Mizoram / 340 / 508 / 522 / 524 / 45 / 82 / 98
Nagaland / 256 / 337 / 365 / 444 / 27 / 69 / 110
Orissa / 6,398 / 7434 / 7,057 / 7,243 / 416 / 1088 / 568
Punjab / 2,230 / 2330 / 2,642 / 5,147 / 1,749 / 1780 / 2563
Rajasthan / 5,643 / 8309 / 8,023 / 13,787 / 2,930 / 5358 / 5769
Sikkim / 88 / 111 / 110 / 170 / 43 / 53 / 60
Tamil Nadu / 4,325 / 2990 / 4,366 / 9,341 / 4,078 / 4582 / 4989
Tripura / 403 / 423 / 428 / 723 / 240 / 290 / 295
UP / 4,480 / 7518 / 5,875 / 16,143 / 6,992 / 8000 / 10296
Uttarakhand / 759 / 1027 / 920 / 2,399 / 1,068 / 1335 / 1483
West Bengal / 4,790 / 4686 / 4,506 / 8,303 / 2,895 / 3954 / 3805
A&N Islands / 45 / 44 / 42 / 94 / 48 / 52 / 52
Chandigarh / 70 / 69 / 58 / 120 / 56 / 57 / 62
DN&H / 15 / 34 / 18 / 29 / 9 / 10 / 14
D & D / 20 / 19 / 17 / 26 / 6 / 9 / 11
Delhi / 452 / 465 / 1,171 / 1303
Lakshadweep / 7 / 4 / 5 / 9
Pondicherry / 130 / 163 / 163 / 258 / 73 / 98 / 99
TOTAL / 90,741 / 113824 / 106,054 / 157,990 / 43,869 / 59166 / 59,252
Source: Selected Education Statistics 2007-08, MHRD, All India Seventh Education Survey, 2002-03, NCERT; and SEMIS, NUEPA (author estimates) 2007-08

Table 2: Availability of primary, middle and secondary schools

Number of primary schools per / Share of State in total schools available
every middle school / every secondary school / every sr secondary school / Sr Sec / Secondary / Middle / Primary / Share of state in total Area / Share of state in total child (6-13) population
Andhra Pradesh / 3.49 / 3.84 / 15.90 / 6.81% / 14.44% / 5.83% / 7.92% / 8.37% / 6.23%
Arunachal Pradesh / 2.45 / 9.65 / 15.80 / 0.16% / 0.13% / 0.19% / 0.18% / 2.55% / 0.12%
Assam / 2.65 / 5.96 / 36.30 / 1.44% / 4.50% / 3.71% / 3.83% / 2.39% / 2.68%
Bihar / 3.01 / 13.61 / 58.31 / 1.20% / 2.64% / 4.37% / 5.13% / 2.86% / 9.91%
Chhattisgarh / 2.88 / 16.27 / 15.24 / 3.74% / 1.79% / 3.71% / 4.17% / 4.11% / 2.19%
Goa / 17.17 / 3.22 / 15.05 / 0.14% / 0.34% / 0.02% / 0.16% / 0.11%
Gujarat / 0.73 / 3.03 / 6.45 / 4.44% / 4.83% / 7.40% / 2.10% / 5.96% / 4.64%
Haryana / 2.66 / 2.04 / 3.00 / 3.97% / 2.99% / 0.84% / 0.87% / 1.34% / 2.09%
Himachal Pradesh / 4.49 / 10.04 / 8.77 / 2.29% / 1.02% / 0.84% / 1.47% / 1.69% / 0.50%
Jammu & Kashmir / 2.57 / 13.04 / 28.26 / 0.82% / 0.91% / 1.70% / 1.70% / 6.76% / 0.93%
Jharkhand / 2.40 / 16.38 / 152.75 / 0.22% / 1.03% / 2.58% / 2.41% / 2.42% / 2.94%
Karnataka / 1.02 / 2.70 / 10.39 / 4.78% / 9.39% / 9.11% / 3.63% / 5.83% / 4.41%
Kerala / 2.24 / 2.18 / 2.86 / 4.15% / 2.79% / 0.99% / 0.87% / 1.18% / 2.28%
Madhya Pradesh / 2.65 / 20.98 / 22.07 / 7.76% / 4.18% / 12.14% / 12.53% / 9.38% / 6.72%
Maharashtra / 1.58 / 2.69 / 9.28 / 7.97% / 14.05% / 8.79% / 5.41% / 9.36% / 8.62%
Manipur / 3.33 / 3.66 / 24.88 / 0.18% / 0.62% / 0.25% / 0.33% / 0.68% / 0.17%
Meghalaya / 2.81 / 9.39 / 64.81 / 0.17% / 0.60% / 0.74% / 0.81% / 0.68% / 0.27%
Mizoram / 1.57 / 3.39 / 21.25 / 0.14% / 0.45% / 0.35% / 0.22% / 0.64% / 0.08%
Nagaland / 3.16 / 3.82 / 29.80 / 0.09% / 0.35% / 0.16% / 0.19% / 0.50% / 0.16%
Orissa / 2.70 / 6.31 / 23.36 / 3.48% / 6.60% / 5.67% / 5.95% / 4.74% / 3.20%
Punjab / 5.36 / 5.72 / 7.73 / 2.99% / 2.07% / 0.81% / 1.69% / 1.53% / 1.97%
Rajasthan / 1.86 / 6.86 / 12.45 / 8.07% / 7.50% / 10.15% / 7.35% / 10.41% / 6.44%
Sikkim / 3.51 / 6.79 / 14.92 / 0.09% / 0.10% / 0.07% / 0.10% / 0.22% / 0.04%
Tamil Nadu / 4.33 / 6.90 / 7.42 / 8.25% / 4.54% / 2.66% / 4.48% / 3.96% / 4.44%
Tripura / 2.10 / 5.05 / 7.41 / 0.50% / 0.38% / 0.33% / 0.27% / 0.32% / 0.25%
Uttar Pradesh / 3.11 / 21.38 / 16.51 / 14.50% / 5.73% / 14.44% / 17.50% / 7.33% / 19.32%
Uttarakhand / 3.53 / 14.61 / 11.57 / 2.27% / 0.92% / 1.40% / 1.92% / 1.63% / 0.83%
West Bengal / 40.28 / 10.17 / 12.73 / 6.84% / 4.38% / 0.41% / 6.37% / 2.70% / 6.90%
A&N Islands / 3.36 / 4.78 / 4.22 / 0.09% / 0.04% / 0.02% / 0.03% / 0.25%
Chandigarh / 3.44 / 0.42 / 0.65 / 0.08% / 0.07% / 0.00% / 0.00% / 0.00%
D&N Haveli / 1.66 / 7.35 / 16.90 / 0.02% / 0.02% / 0.03% / 0.02% / 0.01%
Daman& Diu / 2.21 / 2.41 / 8.83 / 0.01% / 0.02% / 0.01% / 0.01% / 0.00%
Delhi / 4.07 / 5.64 / 2.10 / 2.15% / 0.41% / 0.21% / 0.33% / 0.05%
Lakshadweep / 5.25 / 5.25 / 2.33 / 0.02% / 0.00% / 0.00% / 0.00% / 0.00%
Pondicherry / 2.70 / 2.06 / 3.39 / 0.16% / 0.14% / 0.04% / 0.04% / 0.01%
INDIA / 2.57 / 7.00 / 13.67 / 100% / 100% / 100% / 100% / 100%
Source: Author Estimates using data from Selected Education Statistics 2006-07

Table 3: Secondary schools by type of school management

GOVT + LB / PRIVATE AIDED / PRIVATE UNAIDED
Number / %age / Number / %age / Number / %age / TOTAL
AP / 10092 / 59.6 / 856 / 5.05 / 5989 / 35.36 / 16937
Arunachal / 112 / 68.7 / 18 / 11.04 / 33 / 20.25 / 163
Assam / 2539 / 50.1 / 1769 / 34.88 / 764 / 15.06 / 5072
Bihar / 2835 / 96.1 / 58 / 1.97 / 58 / 1.97 / 2951
Chhattisgarh / 1221 / 59.8 / 0 / 0 / 821 / 40.21 / 2042
Goa / 81 / 21.6 / 288 / 76.8 / 6 / 1.6 / 375
Gujarat / 433 / 7.8 / 3333 / 60.35 / 1757 / 31.81 / 5523
Haryana / 1663 / 48.6 / 79 / 2.31 / 1678 / 49.06 / 3420
HP / 825 / 63.5 / 25 / 1.92 / 450 / 34.62 / 1300
J&K / 802 / 78.2 / 38 / 3.71 / 185 / 18.05 / 1025
Jharkhand / 973 / 68.1 / 225 / 15.75 / 231 / 16.17 / 1429
Karnataka / 4372 / 36.9 / 2820 / 23.83 / 4643 / 39.23 / 11835
Kerala / 1017 / 32.3 / 1422 / 45.21 / 706 / 22.45 / 3145
MP / 2589 / 51.8 / 59 / 1.18 / 2349 / 47.01 / 4997
Maharashtra / 1700 / 10.8 / 10005 / 63.48 / 4057 / 25.74 / 15762
Manipur / 201 / 28.7 / 102 / 14.55 / 398 / 56.78 / 701
Meghalaya / 14 / 2.1 / 458 / 67.75 / 204 / 30.18 / 676
Mizoram / 195 / 38.4 / 149 / 29.33 / 164 / 32.28 / 508
Nagaland / 119 / 35.3 / 0 / 0 / 218 / 64.69 / 337
Orissa / 3704 / 49.8 / 1756 / 23.62 / 1974 / 26.55 / 7434
Punjab / 1740 / 74.7 / 210 / 9.01 / 380 / 16.31 / 2330
Rajasthan / 3398 / 40.9 / 23 / 0.28 / 4888 / 58.83 / 8309
Sikkim / 93 / 83.8 / 1 / 0.9 / 17 / 15.32 / 111
TN / 2033 / 68.0 / 695 / 23.24 / 262 / 8.76 / 2990
Tripura / 395 / 93.4 / 9 / 2.13 / 19 / 4.49 / 423
UP / 343 / 4.6 / 529 / 7.04 / 6646 / 88.4 / 7518
Uttarakhand / 798 / 77.7 / 51 / 4.97 / 178 / 17.33 / 1027
West Bengal / 2 / 0.0 / 4684 / 99.96 / 0 / 0 / 4686
ANI / 43 / 97.7 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2.27 / 44
Chandigarh / 47 / 68.1 / 4 / 5.8 / 18 / 26.09 / 69
DNH / 22 / 64.7 / 0 / 0 / 12 / 35.29 / 34
DD / 14 / 73.7 / 3 / 15.79 / 2 / 10.53 / 19
Delhi / 197 / 42.4 / 28 / 6.02 / 240 / 51.61 / 465
LK / 4 / 100.0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 4
Pondicherry / 71 / 43.6 / 20 / 12.27 / 72 / 44.17 / 163
All India / 44687 / 39.3 / 29717 / 26.11 / 39420 / 34.63 / 113824
Source: Selected Education Statistics, 2007-08, MHRD

Table 4: Access to secondary schools: Distance from households

Overall / RURAL / URBAN
Within 2 Km / 2-5 Km / >5 Km / Within 2 Km / 2-5 Km / >5 Km / Within 2 Km / 2-5 Km / >5 Km
AP / 73.23% / 18.19% / 8.58% / 64.95% / 23.30% / 11.74% / 95.71% / 4.29% / 0.00%
Arunachal / 46.09% / 19.40% / 34.51% / 31.98% / 22.89% / 45.12% / 85.02% / 9.78% / 5.21%
Assam / 53.62% / 35.40% / 10.98% / 49.96% / 38.09% / 11.95% / 82.77% / 13.94% / 3.29%
Bihar / 37.29% / 45.39% / 17.32% / 32.20% / 48.65% / 19.15% / 83.38% / 15.85% / 0.77%
Chhattisgarh / 44.22% / 38.48% / 17.30% / 36.13% / 43.16% / 20.71% / 82.80% / 16.16% / 1.03%
Goa / 63.51% / 35.31% / 1.18% / 61.68% / 35.62% / 2.70% / 64.94% / 35.06% / 0.00%
Gujarat / 62.70% / 24.99% / 12.31% / 42.12% / 37.99% / 19.89% / 94.75% / 4.73% / 0.52%
Haryana / 81.58% / 13.29% / 5.13% / 77.30% / 15.52% / 7.18% / 91.60% / 8.06% / 0.34%
HP / 56.16% / 32.50% / 11.34% / 51.49% / 35.96% / 12.56% / 94.88% / 3.90% / 1.22%
Jharkhand / 38.66% / 35.70% / 25.64% / 28.48% / 39.95% / 31.57% / 82.12% / 17.54% / 0.34%
JK / 44.42% / 47.88% / 7.70% / 34.09% / 56.48% / 9.43% / 89.67% / 10.22% / 0.11%
Karnataka / 69.44% / 24.56% / 5.99% / 55.69% / 35.17% / 9.15% / 95.43% / 4.53% / 0.04%
Kerala / 62.21% / 32.47% / 5.31% / 57.29% / 36.35% / 6.36% / 76.85% / 20.94% / 2.21%
Maharashtra / 73.05% / 18.30% / 8.65% / 61.85% / 24.62% / 13.53% / 88.43% / 9.63% / 1.94%
Manipur / 59.70% / 25.46% / 14.84% / 49.41% / 30.47% / 20.12% / 84.90% / 13.20% / 1.90%
Meghalaya / 45.78% / 24.20% / 30.02% / 35.25% / 28.25% / 36.50% / 92.68% / 6.14% / 1.17%
Mizoram / 78.11% / 2.13% / 19.76% / 62.82% / 2.01% / 35.17% / 97.00% / 2.27% / 0.73%
MP / 40.16% / 28.99% / 30.85% / 25.23% / 34.67% / 40.10% / 85.95% / 11.58% / 2.47%
Nagaland / 70.87% / 17.22% / 11.92% / 62.00% / 21.89% / 16.11% / 96.08% / 3.92% / 0.00%
Orissa / 59.13% / 30.48% / 10.39% / 54.54% / 33.55% / 11.91% / 84.75% / 13.35% / 1.90%
Punjab / 76.29% / 21.40% / 2.31% / 65.29% / 31.91% / 2.80% / 95.44% / 3.10% / 1.46%
Rajasthan / 59.46% / 23.21% / 17.32% / 47.71% / 29.64% / 22.64% / 96.62% / 2.87% / 0.51%
Sikkim / 62.67% / 25.68% / 11.66% / 58.87% / 28.70% / 12.43% / 85.43% / 7.58% / 6.99%
TN / 64.04% / 24.98% / 10.98% / 44.34% / 36.61% / 19.05% / 89.55% / 9.91% / 0.54%
Tripura / 73.39% / 18.16% / 8.46% / 67.03% / 22.45% / 10.52% / 99.42% / 0.58% / 0.00%
UP / 47.56% / 35.20% / 17.24% / 35.14% / 43.03% / 21.83% / 91.10% / 7.75% / 1.15%
Uttarakhand / 59.63% / 27.41% / 12.96% / 46.77% / 35.66% / 17.57% / 95.74% / 4.26% / 0.00%
WB / 65.44% / 28.25% / 6.30% / 55.59% / 36.53% / 7.88% / 93.06% / 5.06% / 1.88%
ANI / 58.55% / 32.54% / 8.91% / 39.76% / 46.67% / 13.56% / 91.32% / 7.90% / 0.78%
Chandigarh / 100.00% / 0.00% / 0.00% / 100.00% / 0.00% / 0.00% / 100.00% / 0.00% / 0.00%
DD / 64.41% / 30.86% / 4.73% / 50.66% / 42.25% / 7.09% / 92.03% / 7.97% / 0.00%
Delhi / 93.29% / 6.26% / 0.45% / 97.44% / 1.82% / 0.74% / 93.01% / 6.56% / 0.43%
DNH / 39.20% / 38.01% / 22.79% / 28.31% / 44.81% / 26.87% / 100.00% / 0.00% / 0.00%
LK / 90.55% / 9.45% / 0.00% / 84.30% / 15.70% / 0.00% / 97.09% / 2.91% / 0.00%
Pondicherry / 81.25% / 16.59% / 2.16% / 64.71% / 30.06% / 5.23% / 92.92% / 7.08% / 0.00%
ALL INDIA / 59.75% / 27.74% / 12.52% / 47.40% / 35.52% / 17.08% / 90.80% / 8.15% / 1.05%
Source: Estimated from NSS 64th round, 2007-08

Table 5: Proportion of 14-18 years old with access to a secondary school in desirable distance

Overall / RURAL / URBAN
Within 2 Km / 2-5 Km / >5 Km / Within 2 Km / 2-5 Km / >5 Km / Within 2 Km / 2-5 Km / >5 Km
AP / 72.7% / 18.6% / 8.7% / 64.1% / 23.9% / 12.0% / 95.5% / 4.5% / 0.0%
Arunachal / 42.2% / 18.1% / 39.7% / 27.9% / 19.7% / 52.4% / 81.5% / 13.8% / 4.7%
Assam / 47.4% / 43.5% / 9.1% / 43.5% / 46.7% / 9.8% / 87.8% / 10.1% / 2.0%
Bihar / 40.8% / 42.5% / 16.8% / 34.3% / 46.5% / 19.1% / 83.4% / 15.6% / 1.0%
Chhattisgarh / 46.5% / 38.6% / 14.9% / 39.7% / 43.0% / 17.3% / 85.2% / 13.3% / 1.4%
Goa / 51.8% / 47.7% / 0.5% / 49.9% / 48.7% / 1.3% / 53.0% / 47.0% / 0.0%
Gujarat / 60.3% / 27.5% / 12.2% / 39.9% / 40.7% / 19.4% / 93.6% / 6.0% / 0.4%
HP / 53.8% / 34.6% / 11.6% / 49.8% / 37.6% / 12.6% / 95.4% / 3.0% / 1.6%
Haryana / 79.5% / 15.3% / 5.2% / 75.9% / 17.2% / 6.8% / 91.3% / 8.7% / 0.0%
J&K / 46.2% / 47.6% / 6.3% / 38.5% / 54.1% / 7.4% / 87.2% / 12.7% / 0.1%
Jharkhand / 39.6% / 41.9% / 18.5% / 29.6% / 47.4% / 22.9% / 79.8% / 19.6% / 0.6%
Karnataka / 69.9% / 23.7% / 6.4% / 58.5% / 32.4% / 9.1% / 95.3% / 4.4% / 0.3%
Kerala / 60.1% / 33.1% / 6.7% / 55.3% / 36.6% / 8.0% / 75.6% / 21.8% / 2.5%
MP / 39.9% / 31.5% / 28.7% / 23.5% / 37.4% / 39.1% / 84.0% / 15.3% / 0.7%
Maharashtra / 72.3% / 18.5% / 9.2% / 62.2% / 23.9% / 13.8% / 88.6% / 9.7% / 1.7%
Manipur / 55.9% / 26.8% / 17.3% / 44.9% / 32.3% / 22.7% / 89.2% / 10.0% / 0.8%
Meghalaya / 48.7% / 23.9% / 27.4% / 40.2% / 27.5% / 32.3% / 92.9% / 5.2% / 1.9%
Mizoram / 78.6% / 2.9% / 18.5% / 61.9% / 3.7% / 34.4% / 97.9% / 2.0% / 0.2%
Nagaland / 74.8% / 13.6% / 11.6% / 66.1% / 17.4% / 16.5% / 95.3% / 4.7% / 0.0%
Orissa / 62.8% / 27.7% / 9.4% / 59.2% / 30.5% / 10.2% / 87.0% / 8.9% / 4.1%
Punjab / 72.8% / 24.8% / 2.4% / 62.8% / 34.7% / 2.5% / 93.1% / 4.8% / 2.1%
Rajasthan / 60.0% / 23.1% / 17.0% / 48.9% / 29.1% / 22.0% / 95.4% / 3.7% / 0.9%
Sikkim / 58.3% / 28.2% / 13.4% / 55.8% / 30.3% / 13.9% / 86.5% / 4.9% / 8.7%
TN / 65.7% / 24.4% / 9.9% / 47.9% / 35.5% / 16.6% / 90.2% / 9.2% / 0.6%
Tripura / 70.9% / 19.7% / 9.3% / 65.6% / 23.3% / 11.2% / 98.3% / 1.7% / 0.0%
UP / 47.8% / 36.7% / 15.5% / 36.6% / 44.0% / 19.3% / 90.1% / 9.2% / 0.7%
Uttarakhand / 60.6% / 27.1% / 12.4% / 48.9% / 34.6% / 16.6% / 95.2% / 4.8% / 0.0%
WB / 62.5% / 30.3% / 7.3% / 55.6% / 36.0% / 8.4% / 90.3% / 7.0% / 2.7%
ANI / 60.9% / 27.0% / 12.0% / 48.0% / 35.0% / 17.0% / 86.9% / 11.0% / 2.1%
Chandigarh / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0%
DD / 82.1% / 17.9% / 0.0% / 66.9% / 33.1% / 0.0% / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0%
DNH / 27.4% / 51.5% / 21.1% / 20.5% / 56.4% / 23.1% / 100.0% / 0.0% / 0.0%
Delhi / 93.1% / 6.3% / 0.6% / 96.2% / 2.4% / 1.5% / 92.8% / 6.7% / 0.6%
LK / 89.0% / 11.0% / 0.0% / 80.1% / 19.9% / 0.0% / 97.2% / 2.8% / 0.0%
Pondicherry / 79.5% / 18.5% / 2.0% / 66.7% / 29.3% / 4.0% / 91.9% / 8.1% / 0.0%
Total / 58.0% / 29.4% / 12.6% / 46.9% / 36.6% / 16.6% / 90.1% / 8.9% / 1.0%
Source: Estimated from NSS 64th round, 2007-08

Section 2: Secondary Education Participation Trends

In this section, an analysis of secondary education participation in India is carried out using the following indicators estimated from the household survey: (a) the number of students attending; and (b) gross and net attendance rates (GAR and NAR).