Reading Study Guide 1
Reading Study Guide
Biology 100
I. Chapter 9: Introduction to Genetics, Mitosis and Cytokinesis
A. Terms
1. Mitosis 10. Cell Cycle 19. Mitotic Spindle
2. Microtubules 11. Interphase 20. Metaphase Plate
3. Genome 12. Prophase 21. Cell Plate
4. Chromatin 13. Metaphase 22. Binary Fission
5. Chromosome 14. Anaphase
6. Sister chromatids 15. Telophase
7. Centromere 16. Karyotype
8. DNA Replication 17. Mitotic Phase
9. Homologous Chromossomes
B. Figures: 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.12, 9.13
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. What is DNA and how is it important to cells?
2. Arrange the following terms to reflect the typical flow of biological information: Protein, DNA, and RNA.
3. Review the figures on p. 165. Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome. Your response should include the
following terms: DNA, proteins, DNA replication, chromosome, sister chromatid, and centromere.
4. Explain the meaning of the term “cell cycle”. Your response should include the following terms: G2, G1, mitosis,
interphase, S, prophase, metaphase, cytokinesis, anaphase, and telophase.
5. What is the longest portion of the cell cycle? What are the three phases that occur during this portion?
6. Referring to figure 9.10, explain and diagram the events of mitosis. You may want to use different colored pens/pencils
to help you distinguish between the homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids.
7. Briefly explain the processes of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells. Your response should include the following
terms: cell plate, cleavage, cleavage furrow, cell wall, and plasma membrane.
8. Briefly explain how the DNA condenses prior to mitosis.
9. Distinguish between the terms chromatin and chromosome.
10. Do the review questions on pages 174-175.
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Reading Guide 10
Biology 100
I. Chapter 10
A. Terms:
1. Meiosis11. Independent assortment21. Primary spermatocyte
2. Reproduction12. Maternal chromosome22.Secondary spermatocyte
3. Germ cells13. Paternal chromosome23. spermatid
4. Gametes14. Meiosis I24. Oogensis
5. haploid15. Meiosis II25. Oogonium
6. diploid16. Autosomes26. Primary oocyte
7. homologous chromosomes17. Sex chromosomes27. Secondary oocyte
8. crossing over18. Gametogenesis28. ovum
9. tetrad19. Spermatogenesis29. Polar bodies
10. synapse20. Spermatogonia30. fertilization
31. zygote
B. Figures: 10.1, 10.2, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions:
1. What is meiosis?
2. Are daughter cells of meiosis diploid or haploid?
3. How many daughter cells are formed from meiosis?
4. What cells are capable of undergoing meiosis?
5. What special event occurs in Prophase I?
6. What special event occurs in Metaphase I?
7. What do the events in #’s 5 and 6 above provide?
8. How many rounds of DNA replication occur involving meiosis?
9. How many rounds of cell division occur in Meiosis?
10. Which parent determines the gender of offspring? Why?
11. How many sperm are created in spermatogenesis?
12. How many eggs are created in oogenesis?
13. What is sexual reproduction?
14. What is asexual reproduction?
Do the review questions on pages 190-191.
Reading Study Guide 11
Biology 100
I. Chapter 11: Mendelian Genetics: Observable Patterns of Inheritance
A. Terms
1. Genes 12. P 23. Probability
2. Locus 13. F1 24. Continuous variation
3. Alleles 14. F2 25. True breeding
4. Homozygous 15. Monohybrid crosses
5. Heterozygous 16. Punnett-square method
6. Dominant 17. Test cross
7. Recessive 18. Theory of segregation
8. Homozygous dominant 19. Dihybrid crosses
9. Homozygous recessive 20. Theory of independent assortment
10. Genotype 21. Incomplete dominance
11. Phenotype 22. Codominance
B. Figures: 11.3, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11
C. Tables: 11.1
D. Study Questions
1. How does the term “locus” relate to the terms “gene” and “chromosome”?
2. Alleles are different molecular forms of the same gene. a. True b. False
3. What minimum number of copies of each gene would you expect to find in your DNA? Explain the rationale for your
response.
4. Assume that you crossbreed pea plants that always produce yellow seeds with pea plants that always produce green seeds.
All of the progeny plants of this cross produce yellow seeds.
a. What are the phenotypes of the parental seeds?
b. Which seed color is dominant?
c. Which seed color is recessive?
d. What are the phenotypes of the two alleles?
e. Designate the yellow allele as “Y” and the green allele as “y”. What is the significance of the use of capital and lowercases
to designate these alleles? On the basis of what information did I make these designations (i.e. Why didn’t I
designate the green allele as “Y” and the yellow allele as “y”)?
f. Give the seed color genotypes for each of the parental plants.
g. Give the seed color genotype for the progeny plants.
5. Define the term “monohybrid cross” and give a specific example of a monohybrid cross that Mendel conducted with his
pea plants.
6. Review fig. 11.5 and be able to explain (based on your knowledge of genetics and meiosis) how heterozygous offspring
are produced.
7. Assume that two heterozygous progeny (resulting from the cross you just examined in #6) are mated. Reproduce a figure
similar to the one shown in fig. 11.5 for this cross. What different progeny genotypes would result from this cross and what
would be their relative ratios (e.g. 1:1, 1:2, 3:1, etc.)? What different progeny phenotypes would result from this cross and
what would be their relative ratios?
8. Use the punnett-square method to show the progeny genotypes that would result from the crosses in #6 and in #7. Also
give the probability of obtaining each of the progeny genotypes.
9. You have two populations of peas. The first is “true-breeding” for purple flower color and the second is true-breeding for
white flower color. You cross parental plants from each of these populations (i.e. purple x white) and the resulting progeny
plants all have purple flowers.
a. Give the flower-color genotypes for both the white and purple flowers. Which allele is dominant? Recessive?
b. Use the punnett-square method to show the probable outcomes (i.e. ratios) of this parental genetic cross. What is/are
the probable outcome(s) for the progeny (F1) genotypes? Phenotypes?
c. Use the punnett-square method to show a cross between two F1 progeny to produce the F2 progeny. What is/are the
probable outcome(s) for the progeny (F2) genotypes? Phenotypes?
10. State Mendel’s theory of segregation and then explain it in your own words. Pick any example from the reading study
guide or the reading and use it as part of your explanation.
11. What is a “test cross” and why is it useful for genetic analysis?
12. What is a dihybrid cross
13. Review fig. 11.5 and be able to explain (based on your knowledge of genetics and meiosis) how the ratios of different gametes (e.g. 1/4 AB) are produced.
14. Assume that you cross a purple-flowered tall parental pea plant (homozygous dominant; PPTT) with a white-flowered
dwarf parental pea plant (homozygous recessive; pptt). Using the punnett-square method, show the possible outcomes
(genotypic and phenotypic) for the F1 generation.
15. Assume you perform a dihybrid cross of the F1 progeny from the cross in #14. Use the punnett-square method to show
the possible outcomes (genotypic and phenotypic) for the F2 generation.
16. State Mendel’s theory of independent assortment and then explain it in your own words. Use your responses to previous
questions as part of your explanation.
17. What is meant by the term “incomplete dominance”? What genotype (homozygous or heterozygous) would most likely
be affected by a particular trait showing incomplete dominance? How could incomplete dominance affect the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios for the progeny of a monohybrid cross?
18. What is meant by the term “codominance”. Include a discussion of the genetics of the ABO blood types as part of your
discussion.
19. A man is blood type “A” and a woman is blood type “B”.
a. List the possible genotypes for both the man and the woman.
b. Using the punnett-square method, show the possible genotypes and phenotypes for any children of this couple.
c. If this couple had one child, what would be the most likely progeny blood type genotype? Blood type phenotype?
20. Explain the concept of continuous variation using human height as an example.
21. Do the chapter review on pgs. 211-213
Reading Study Guide 12
Biology 100
I. Chapter 12: Chromosomes and Inheritance
A. Terms
1. Sex Chromosome 11. Duplication
2. X Chromosome 12. Inversion
3. Y Chromosome 13. Translocation
4. Autosome 14. Deletion
5. Karyotype 15. Aneuploidy
6. Linkage Group 16. Polyploidy
7. Pedigree 17. Nondisjunction
8. Genetic Abnormality 18. Crossing Over
9. Genetic Disorder 19. Homologous Chromosomes
10. Syndrome
B. Figures: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 12.10, 12.11
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. How do autosomes differ from sex chromosomes?
2. Which combination of sex chromosomes codes for a male? Female?
3. How does a Y chromosome compare in structure to an X chromosome?
4. What are the general procedures for making a karyotype?
5. How is sex determined in offspring? Which parent contributes which chromosomes?
6. What is meant when we say that genes are “linked”?
7. Be able to show how crossing over can cause linked genes to become unlinked, resulting in different genetic
combinations in gametes.
8. What are the basic symbols used in constructing a pedigree and how are they connected to show relationships between
and among generations?
9. How are pedigree symbols written to show the presence or absence of traits?
10. What are the differences between a genetic abnormality, a genetic disorder and a syndrome?
11. Distinguish between the 5 basic types of genetic disorders and abnormalities as shown in Table 11.1 on page 179. Don’t
memorize this table but do know by what processes the 5 conditions can come about.
12. If given the genotype of parents, be able to calculate the possible outcomes of offspring using a Punnett square for
autosomal recessive inheritance, autosomal dominant inheritance, and x-linked recessive inheritance.
13. Show the resulting gene sequences of chromosomes that have undergone duplications, inversions, translocations and
deletions.
14. How does nondisjunction in meiosis result in gametes with missing or extra chromosomes?
15. How does nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes result in Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY condition?