Psychology, a Journey 3E Objectives Chapter 13

Psychology, A Journey 3e Objectives Chapter 13

OBJECTIVE 13.1 — Define psychotherapy; describe the following aspects of various therapies: a. individual therapy; b. group therapy; c. insight therapy; d. action therapy; e. directive therapy; f. non-directive therapy; g. time-limited therapy; h. supportive therapy; and i. positive therapy; discuss what a person can expect the outcomes of therapy to be; and list the elements of positive mental health.

OBJECTIVE 13.2 — Briefly describe the history of the treatment of psychological problems, including trepanning, demonology, exorcism, ergotism, and the work of Philippe Pinel.

OBJECTIVE 13.3 — Discuss the development of psychoanalysis and its four basic techniques: a. free association; b. dream analysis, including the terms latentcontent,manifest content, and dream symbols; c. analysis of resistance; and d. transference; and discuss the brief psychodyanamic therapy used today and why it took the place of traditional psychoanalysis, including the concept of spontaneous remissions.

OBJECTIVE 13.4 — Explain how the insight therapy of humanistic approaches differs from insight gained through traditional psychoanalysis; and describe the core features of the following humanistic approaches and compare them to each other: a. Rogers’ client-centered therapy; b. existential therapy; and c. Perls’ Gestalt therapy.

OBJECTIVE 13.5 — Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of media (TV and talk-radio) psychologists, telephone therapists, and internet therapy; describe the APA recommendation regarding these therapies; and explain how videoconferencing can solve some of the problems of these long-distance therapies.

OBJECTIVE 13.6 — Describe behavior therapy and contrast the goal of behavior therapy with the goal of insight therapies; define behavior modification; and explain how classical conditioning affects behavior and how it is used in aversion therapy, including the procedure known as rapid smoking, the response-contingent shocks used in Vogler’s treatment of alcoholism; and the justification of aversion therapy based on its long-term benefits.

OBJECTIVE 13.7 — Discuss the behavioral approach of desensitization, including a. the hierarchy; b. reciprocal inhibition; c. the problems desensitization is used to treat; d. how systematic desensitization is performed; e. how to achieve relaxation using the tension-release method, and f. the techniques of vicarious desensitization, virtual reality expsoure, and eye movement desensitixation and reprocessing (EMDR).

OBJECTIVE 13.8 — List and briefly describe the seven operant principles most frequently used by behavior therapists; explain how nonreinforcement and time-out can be used to bring about extinction of a maladaptive behavior; and describe

a token economy.

OBJECTIVE 13.9 — Explain how cognitive therapies differ from behavioral therapies; describe the three thinking errors which Beck said underlie depression and what can be done to correct such thinking; and discuss Ellis’ rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), including the A-B-C of the therapy, the ten most common irrational beliefs, and the three core ideas which Ellis’ said served as the basis for most of these irrational beliefs.

OBJECTIVE 13.10 — List the advantages of group therapy; and briefly describe each of the following group therapies: a. psychodrama, including role-playing, role reversal, and the mirror technique; b. family therapy; and c. large group awareness training, including sensitivity groups, encounter groups, large group awareness training, and the concept of the therapy placebo effect.

OBJECTIVE 13.11 — Discuss the effectiveness of therapy, in general; the four core features and goals of all psychotherapies; the strengths of each type of psychotherapy (see Table 13.2); how psychotherapy will likely look in the future; the skills necessary to be a culturally skilled therapist; and the nine basic counseling skills and list of helping behaviors that can be used by anyone to comfort a person in distress.

OBJECTIVE 13.12 — Discuss the three types of somatic therapy: a. pharmacotherapy, including the three major types of drugs, examples of each type (see Table 13.4), and the benefits and limitations of drug therapy, such as the risk-benefit ratio; b. electoconvulsive therapy (ECT), including how it is performed and what most experts believe regarding this therapy; and c. psychosurgery, including the prefrontal lobotomy and deep lesioning techniques.

OBJECTIVE 13.13 — Describe the role of hospitalization and partial hospitalization in the treatment of psychological disorders; explain what deinstitutionalization is and how halfway houses have attempted to help in easing the patient’s return to the community; and discuss the roles of the community mental health centers and the work of paraprofessionals within these centers.

OBJECTIVE 13.14 — Describe how persons can apply behavioral principles to themselves in order to solve everyday problems by using each of the following: a. covert sensitzation; b. thought stopping; c. covert reinforcement; d. self-directed desensitization, including the procedure for constructing a hierarchy and using the hierarchy.

OBJECTIVE 13.15 — Explain how a person can find professional help by discussing each of the following topics: a. indicators that signal the need for professional help; b. sources for locating a therapist (see Table 13.5); c. deciding on the type of therapist, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, counselor, social worker, peer counselor, or self-help group; d. finding out about the therapist’s qualifications; and e. how to evaluate a therapist, including danger signals to watch for in therapy.