N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.)Crime in India - 2000

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.)CRIME IN INDIA - 2000

CHAPTER-3

TABLES

VIOLENT CRIMES

3.1.1Incidents of violent crimes leave shocking effects on the life of the mainstream population. Such Crimes induce a sense of insecurity, fear and annoyance in the community. The frequency and the magnitude of such occurrence often cause problem to law & order machinery and affect the public peace.

3.1.2For the purpose of analysis in this chapter, offences which are of furious, violent in nature, committed with force, fierce criminal acts, impetuous criminal attacks, criminal acts of vehemence, crimes committed with intensity and extremity have been grouped for discussion and analysed under the head `Violent Crimes’.

3.1.3The Violent Crimes : The following IPC crimes which are reported to the Police Authorities, have been grouped as `Violent Crimes’ for the purpose of crime analysis in this chapter. They are:

I.Violent crimes affecting life

Murder, Attempt to Commit Murder, Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder

Dowry Deaths and Kidnapping & Abduction

1. Violent crimes affecting property

Dacoity, Preparation & Assembly for Dacoity and Robbery

1. Violent crimes affecting public safety

Riots and Arson

IV.Violent crimes affecting Women

Rape

Percentage distribution of Violent IPC crimes during 1998-2000

3.2.1During 2000, the percentage share of the Violent Crimes reported in the country was 13.5 per cent of the total IPC crimes reported. Such percentage share of Violent crimes during 1998 and 1999 was 14.3 per cent and 13.5 per cent respectively. Of the total 2,38,381 violent crimes reported in this year from the States and Union Territories, 42.7per cent crimes were Violent crimes affecting life (1,01,781 cases). The Violent Crimes which affected the property during the period were 12.3 per cent (29,326 cases); affecting the public safety were 38.1 per cent (90,848 cases) and the Violent crimes directed against Women (Rape) were 6.9 per cent (16,496 cases).

Pattern of Violent Crimes

3.2.2The pattern of total Violent crimes during 1999-2000 reveal that there has been a varying trend in the reported incidents of Violent crimes in the country.

Table-3.1

Violent Crimes reported during 1998-2000

Note: Bracketed figures represent the share of crimes to total Violent IPC crimes

* Share of Violent crimes under IPC to the total IPC crimes

3.2.3During the last 3 years, there has been a mixed trend in Violent Crimes against life and Violent Crimes directed towards Women. Whereas, violent crimes that were reported affecting public safety and property have shown a declining trend during 1998 to 2000.

Incidence of Violent Crimes

3.2.42,38,381 incidents of Violent IPC crimes were reported in the country during 2000 as against 2,38,081 during 1999, recording a marginal increase of 0.1 per cent in this year. The share of Violent IPC crimes to the total IPC crimes during 2000 remained constant at 13.5. The various categories of Violent crimes, its percentage variation during 2000 over 1999 is given in the following table.

Table-3.2

Percentage change in Violent Crimes during 1998 to 2000

3.2.5The crime rate (23.8) for total Violent crimes under IPC, during 2000 declined by 1.2 per cent over 1999 (24.1) at All-India level. The crime rate recorded for the various categories of Violent crimes for the years 1998-2000 at the All-India level is as under.

Table-3.3

Crime Rate for Violent crimes under IPC during 1998-2000

VIOLENT CRIMES TREND - STATES

Incidence

3.3.1The State, UT and City-wise incidence of Violent crimes under IPC during 2000 is given in Table-13. Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence with 39,278 cases sharing 16.5 per cent of the total violent crimes reported during the year in the country. The other States contributing significantly to the total Violent crime at national level during the year were: Bihar (32,358 cases, 13.6%), Rajasthan (26,263, 11.1%). The number of States falling under different ranges of incidence of violent crimes during the year is tabulated below.

Table-3.4

Violent Crimes – Incidence – Range - 2000

Crime Rate – Violent crimes

3.4.1The State, UT and City-wise incidence of Violent crimes under IPC registered during 2000, the percentage share to the total reported IPC crimes in their respective States, UTs and Cities alongwith the crime rate for the total Violent crimes is presented in Table-13. The crime rate for the Violent crimes during 2000 at All-India level was 23.8. The highest crime rate for Violent crimes (under IPC) was recorded in Rajasthan (48.7) followed by Jammu & Kashmir (41.1). Ten States viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Manipur and Tripura recorded higher crime rate for Violent Crimes recording higher than the national average of 23.7. The inter-se ranking of various States above and below All-India average of crime rate for Violent crimes under IPC is presented in the following table.

Table-3.5

Crime Rate for Violent crimes in States during 2000

(All-India: 23.8)

Chart-3.1

Chart - 3.2

Percentage Share of Violent Crimes (IPC) by States to All-India

Share of Violent crimes to total IPC crimes reported

3.4.2The percentage share of Violent crimes to the total IPC crimes reported in their respective States during 2000 provides us with another view of the criminality witnessed in the various States.

Table-3.6

Percentage share of Violent crimes to the total IPC crimes during 2000

(All-India average : 13.5%)

3.4.3States namely Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Orissa and Sikkim reported higher percentage share of reported Violent crimes in the total IPC crimes than the national average share for Violent crimes. The States, which recorded a percentage share of over 25 per cent, on an average, registered 1 Violent crime out of every 4 IPC crimes reported in the State during this period. The following States, reported less Violent Crimes to the total IPC crimes reported in their State viz. Kerela (9.9%), Goa (9.6%), Madhya Pradesh (9.3%), Andhra Pradesh (9.1%), Tamil Nadu (8.2%), Mizoram (7.3%) and Gujarat (6.8%). In these States, around 1 out of 10 reported IPC cases belong to the category of Violent Crimes.

Chart-3.3

VIOLENT CRIME TRENDS – UNION TERRITORIES

3.5.1The Violent crimes reported in the Union Territories reveal that, out of total violent crimes reported in the country (2,38,381), only 4,860 Violent crime cases constituting 2.0 per cent were reported from the 7 Union Territories. Compared to 1999, Violent crimes (4,843) increased marginally by 0.4 per cent only.

3.5.2The crime rate for Violent crimes in the Union Territories during 2000 was 28.8 as against 23.6 in States and 23.7 at the national level. The crime rate for violent crimes decreased in 2000 by 3.0 per cent compared to 1999 (from 29.7 in 1999 to 28.8 in 2000).

Violent crime incidence

3.5.3Out of the 4860 cases reported during the year, from the 7 Union Territories 4290 incidents of Violent crimes (88.3%) were reported from the National Capital Territory. Next in the order were, UTs of Chandigarh (229) and Pondicherry (144).

Crime Rate – Violent Crimes

3.5.4Though the Union Territories except NCT Delhi recorded less violent crimes by incidence, the crime rate was high above the national average in 4 territories. Daman & Diu recorded the highest crime rate for Violent crimes (36.9) followed by D&N Haveli (31.5) and NCT Delhi (30.4).

3.5.5The percentage share of Violent crimes to the total IPC crimes reported in their respective Union Territories show that UT of D&N Haveli (20.7%) recorded high percentage share of Violent crimes under IPC. On an average around one violent crime out of 5 IPC crimes was reported in this UT. Interestingly, the NCT of Delhi which reported the highest crime rate for all IPC crimes, reported, on an average, only 1 violent crime out of 13 IPC crimes reported in this territory.

TREND ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS VIOLENT IPC CRIMES

Murder

3.6.1The incidence of Murder (37,399) remained constant as compared over the previous year. The highest incidence (7,755) of Murder, constituting 20.7 per cent of the total cases, was reported from Uttar Pradesh. Bihar reported 5356 cases representing 14.3 per cent of total Murder cases. However, rate of crime in Bihar (5.3) was higher than that of Uttar Pradesh (4.5) as compared to national average rate of 3.7

Motives of Murder

3.6.1.1As in the past, the prominent motives behind Murders were Personnel Vendetta or Enmity and Property Dispute constituting 14.5 per cent and 9.5 per cent respectively. The other significant causes were: `Love Intrigues’ (7.0%); `Dowry’ (3.1%) and `Gain’ (4.9%).

3.6.1.2 Bihar State shared 72.3 per cent of Murders due to `Casteism’, 42.3 per cent due to `Dowry’, 29.1% due to `Property Dispute’ and 31.8 per cent for `Gain’ while 49.6 per cent of Murders by `Terrorist/Extremists’ were reported from Jammu & Kashmir and 41.3 per cent due to `Witchcraft’ were reported from Andhra Pradesh.

Attempt to Commit Murder

3.6.2The incidence (30,743) of Attempt to commit Murder in this year, increased by 3.8 per cent over the previous year. As in the case of Murder, Uttar Pradesh registered the highest (8,329) incidence of Attempt to Commit Murder, followed by Bihar and Madhya Pradesh with 4,313 and 3,287 cases respectively. The crime rate was the highest in Jammu & Kashmir (10.3) against the national average of 3.1.

Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder

3.6.3The incidence (3,737) of Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder has shown declining trend with decreases of 11.9 per cent during the decade 1990-2000 to 3.6 per cent over the previous year. As in the cases of Murder and its attempt, Uttar Pradesh recorded high number of cases (1,176) of Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder, accounting for 31.2 per cent of such cases reported at the national-level. The crime rate was the highest (0.9) in Uttar Pradesh and Nagaland against the national average of 0.4.

Motives of Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder

3.6.3.1As in the case of Murder, `Property Dispute’ (7.7%), `Personnel Vendetta or enmity’ (5.0%), `Dowry’ (2.2%), `Gain’ (3.2) and `Love Intrigues’ (1.2%) were the major motives for Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder. These 5 motives accounted for 20.4 per cent of the total cases of Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder, recorded in the country.

3.6.3.2Among the States, Bihar registered the highest number of Culpable Homicide cases due to `Property Dispute’ (177), ` Gain’ (76), `Personal Vendetta’ (73), `Dowry’ (106) and `Love Affairs/ sexual causes’ (20).

Rape

3.6.4The number of cases reported under Rape have increased significantly by 63.8 per cent during the decade 1990-2000. Such incidents increased by 10.6 per cent over the Q.A. of 1995-99 and by 6.6 per cent over the previous year. Madhya Pradesh, as in the past few years, recorded the highest number (3,737) of incidents, which accounted for 22.6 per cent of all the Rape cases reported in the country. The crime rate varied from the lowest 0.3 in Manipur to the highest 6.0 in Mizoram against its national average crime rate 1.6.

Kidnapping & Abduction

3.6.5During the year, 22,871 cases of `Kidnapping & Abduction' were reporded, which showed an increase of 23.8 percent over the decade (1990-2000), 4.0 per cent over the Q.A. of 1995-99, and a decline of 1.6 per cent over the previous year. The highest incidence of total Kidnapping & Abduction cases (4,233) were reported in Uttar Pradesh accounting for 18.5 per cent of the total cases reported in the country. The crime rate varied largely from 0.4 in Kerala to 9.5 in Delhi against the national average of 2.3.

Dacoity

3.6.6The incidence of Dacoity showed a decline of 38.5 per cent over the decade 1990-2000, 13.4 per cent over the Q.A. of 1995-99 and 3.6 per cent over the previous year (1999). Bihar reported the highest such incidents (2,090) accounting for 30.6 per cent of the total cases reported during the year in the country. Uttar Pradesh with 920 cases was the next in order accounting for 13.5 per cent of the total cases in the country. The crime rate was however, the highest in Meghalaya(3.8) against the national average of 0.7.

Preparation & Assembly for Dacoity

3.6.7The occurrence (1,505) of Preparation & Assembly for Dacoity registered an increase of 32.8 per cent over the Q.A. of 1995-99 and a marginal increase of 0.3 per cent over the previous year. West Bengal recorded the largest number (306) of such cases, closely followed by Maharashtra (288). The crime rate of 0.6 was the highest in Haryana against the national average of 0.2.

Robbery

3.6.8The incidents (20,926) of Robbery showed a declining trend, with 17.7 per cent over the decade (1990-2000), 6.8 per cent over the Q.A. of 1995-99 and 1.9 per cent over the previous year. The highest incidents (4,171) was reported from Uttar Pradesh followed by Bihar (2,896) and Maharashtra (2,530). Aruncahal Pradesh recorded the highest crime rate of 8.3 against the national average of 2.1.

Riots

3.6.9Incidence of Riots registered during the year declined by 21.8 per cent over the decade 1990-2000, 11.2 per cent decrease over the Q.A. of 1995-99. The highest incidents (15,687) was reported in Rajasthan, followed by 10,647 in Bihar. The crime rate was also the highest in Rajasthan (29.1) against the national average of 8.0.

Arson

3.6.10During the year, the incidents of Arson decreased by 7.4 per cent as compared over 1999. A total of 10,392 cases were registered in the country. Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest incidence accounting for 12.6 per cent of the total cases at the national level. The highest crime rate was registered in Jammu & Kashmir (3.3) against the national average of 1.0.

Dowry Death

3.6.11Incidents of Dowry Deaths increased by 4.4 per cent over 1999. A total of 6,995 Dowry Death cases were registered in the country. Uttar Pradesh reported the highest such incidents (2,222) followed by Bihar (1,085). The crime rate for Dowry Death was the highest in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (1.3) against national rate 0.7.

Victims of Violent Crimes

3.7.1The information on victims with their age-wise profile is collected by this bureau from States/UTs for the crimes viz : Murder, Kidnapping and Abduction. In addition, information on the use of fire arms in cases of Murder, cause-wise and gender-wise break-up of kidnapping and abduction cases have been made available by the States/UTs.

Victims of Murder

3.7.2The age-wise gender-wise profile of the victims of Murder for the year 1999 and 2000 at All-India level can be seen from the following table. The State/UT-wise details are presented in Table-13B.

Table-3.7

Age & Gender-wise profile of victims of murder for the year 1999 & 2000

3.7.2.1As compared to the year 1999, incidence of Murder increased marginally by 0.6 per cent during the year (from 37,170 cases to 37,399 cases). However, the victims of Murder increased by 5.5 per cent signifying multiple Murder. In fact the victims of Murder were 8 per cent more than the number of cases during the year while in the previous year this percentage was 2.9 per cent only. In other words the ratio of Murder cases to Murder victims was 1:1.1.

3.7.2.2Of the total victims (40,373) in cases relating to Murder during this year, the share of female victims (8618) was 21.3 percent. The share of victims in the youth age-group (19-30 years) was maximum at 42.9 per cent followed by those in the age-group 31-50 years (37.4%).

Victims of C.H. not amounting to murder

3.7.3The age-wise and gender-wise profile of the victims of C.H. not amounting to Murder for the year 2000 at all India level can be seen from the following table.

Table-3.8

Age, Gender-wise profile of victims of C.H. not amounting to murder for the year 1999 & 2000

3.7.3.1Of the total 3,976 victims, the share of female victims (585) of C.H. not amounting to Murder was 14.7 percent. The number of victims in the age group 19-30 years were the highest and its magnitude was 46.1 percent. The victims in the age-group 31-50 years were 36.8 percent to the total victims under C.H. not amounting to murder.