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MODERN WORLD HISTORY: Chapter 6 – Enlightenment and Revolution
*Bold print denotes a term not in the text.
6-1 (A) / 6-1 (B)Renaissance / Empiricism
Reformation / Rene Descartes
Geocentric theory / Isaac Newton
Aristotle / Law of Universal Gravitation
Ptolemy / The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy (Principia)
Scientific Revolution / Zacharias Janssen
Nicolaus Copernicus / Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Heliocentric theory / Evangelist Torricelli
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies / Barometer
Tycho Brahe / Gabriel Fahrenheit
Johannes Kepler / Anders Celsius
Ellipses / Galen
Galileo Galilei / Andreas Vesalius
Starry Messenger / On the Structure of the Human Body
Dialog Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems / Edward Jenner
Recant / Inoculation
Scientific method / Robert Boyle
Hypothesis / Boyle's Law
Francis Bacon / The Sceptical Chymist
6-2 / 6-3
Enlightenment / Paris
Age of Reason / Salons
Thomas Hobbes / Marie Therese Geoffrin
Leviathan / Madam de Pompadour
Social Contract / Denis Diderot
John Locke / Encyclopedia
Natural rights / Cybercafés
Philosophes / Baroque
Voltaire / Neoclassical
Satire / Johann Sebastian Bach
Baron de Montesquieu / George Friedrich Handel
On The Spirit of The Laws / Classical
Jean Jacques Rousseau / Franz Joseph Haydn
The Social Contract / Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Cesare Beccaria / Ludwig Von Beethoven
Mary Astell / Novels
Mary Wollstonecraft / Pamela
Emilie du Chatelet / Tom Jones
Progress / The Spectator
Secular / Enlightened Depots
Candide / Despot
Optimism / Frederick the Great
Jonathan Swift / Joseph II
Catherine the Great
Serfdom
6-1 (A): The Scientific Revolution
1. ______: a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
2. ______: unproved assumption.
3. ______: in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe.
4. ______: presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy, but it clearly showed that Galileo supported the Copernican theory.
5. ______: astronomer who is best known for his theories about the nature of motion. He is known as the “father of the scientific method.” He built his own telescope in 1609, published his ideas in 1632, and was called to stand trial before the Church for publishing ideas that were contrary to the Church’s stand. Under the threat of excommunication and death, he recanted many of his ideas.
6. ______: the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
7. ______: the Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., who first proposed the geocentric theory.
8. ______: an English philosopher who claimed that ideas based solely on tradition or unproven facts should be disregarded completely. He helped develop what is now the scientific method.
9. ______: Polish astronomer who believe that the earth was round and that it rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun.
10. ______: Greek astronomer who expanded the geocentric theory in the second century A.D.
11. ______: Galileo's book published 1610, which described his astonishing observations. Galileo announced that Jupiter had four moons and that the sun had dark spots. He also noted that the earth’s moon had a rough, uneven surface.
12. ______: period of European history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.
13. ______: Copernicus' book of his findings not published until 1543.
14. ______: Danish astronomer who carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years. He produced mountains of accurate data based on his observations.
15. ______: brilliant mathematician who continued Brahe's work. After studying Brahe’s data, he concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. One of these laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles, as was previously thought. His laws showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas were true. They demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun.
16. ______: a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
17. ______: a 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope’s authority. It prompted followers to challenge accepted ways of thinking about God and salvation.
18. Ellipses: an oval (not round) closed curve.
19. Recant: To make a formal retraction or disavowal of a previously held statement or belief.
6-1 (B): The Scientific Revolution
1. ______: The Dutch maker of eyeglasses who invented the first microscope.
2. ______: British physician who introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox.
3. ______: Boyle's book that challenged Aristotle’s idea that the physical world consisted of four elements—earth, air, fire, and water. Instead, proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways.
4. ______: states that every object in the universe attracts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.
5. ______: the German physicist who made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass, in 1714. His thermometer showed water freezing at 32°.
6. ______: French philosopher and mathematician who believed that truth must be reached through reason. The inventor of analytic geometry, he saw mathematics as the perfect model for clear and certain knowledge. In 1637, he published, Discourse on Method, to explain his philosophy. He coined the phrase, “I think, therefore I am.”
7. ______: a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather.
8. ______: the Swedish astronomer who created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742. His scale showed freezing at 0°
9. ______: stated Newton’s theory of universal gravitation, and explained and expanded on the works of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo.
10. ______: Flemish physician who made ground-breaking discoveries in human anatomy, and proved many of Galen’s assumptions wrong. He dissected human corpses, even though it was against the law, and published his observations.
11. ______: pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry. He is considered the founder of modern chemistry. He also defined an element as a material that cannot by broken down into simpler parts by chemical means.
12. ______: the Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist who used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings. He also examined red blood cells for the first time.
13. ______: is the act of injecting a germ into a person’s body so as to create immunity to the disease.
14. ______: ancient Greek physician who formulated many theories (some correct and some incorrect) on human anatomy by dissecting pigs, dogs and apes because it was against the law to dissect a human body. He is credited with the discovery of blood flowing through arteries in the body.
15. ______: English scientist and mathematician who published his theories on gravity and scientific concepts. He also developed calculus to prove his theories, and he is considered one of the most influential figures in modern science.
16. ______: published in 1543, this Vesalius manuscript was filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle. It became the first textbook of anatomy.
17. ______: one of Galileo’s students who developed the first mercury barometer.
18. ______: explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.
19. Empiricism: John Locke's idea that ALL knowledge is obtained through observation and experience.
6-2: The Enlightenment in Europe
1. ______: believed that government was based on a contract and that it was necessary to establish order; that people have natural rights of life, liberty and property, and that people have the right to break the contract if the government fails to uphold their natural rights. His ideas were tremendously influential on early American politics.
2. ______: is the use of irony, sarcasm, or wit to attack folly, vice, or stupidity.
3. ______: French political philosopher who described his political views of separation of governmental powers and the rights of the individual.
4. ______: Italian philosophe who wrote his thoughts to the justice system. He believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He based his ideas about justice on the principle that governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
5. ______: book published in 1651, which is about a state in which people lived without a government. It showed how “nasty, brutish, and short” life would be in such a world.
6. ______: life, liberty, and property.
7. ______: French philosophe who was passionately committed to individual freedom. He believed that human beings were naturally good but that civilization and institutions made them evil, the power to rule belonged to the people, that governments should receive their authority from the people, and that the people had the right to rise up against their government and carry out needed change.
8. ______: a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment who believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life.
9. ______: English writer who published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies. Her book addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women. In later writings, she used Enlightenment arguments about government to criticize the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage.
10. ______: used the idea of natural law to argue that monarchy was the best form of government. He believed that people should form a contract or agreement to give up their freedom and live obediently under a ruler. In this way, they would be ruled by a monarch who would protect them by keeping their world peaceful and orderly. He also believed that people generally do not have the right to rebel against their government, no matter how unjust it might be.
11. ______: Irish-born English writer known for his satirical works, including Gulliver's Travels (1726) and A Modest Proposal (1729). He is widely recognized as one of the greatest satirists in the English language.
12. ______: two volume book that outlined Baron de Montesquieu’s ideas on government that influenced the writing of constitutions in many countries, including the United States.
13. ______: a non-religious, outlook.
14. ______: was an aristocrat trained as a mathematician and physicist. By translating Newton’s work from Latin into French, she helped stimulate interest in science in France.
15. ______: the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government.
16. ______: In her 1792 essay, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, she disagreed with Rousseau that women’s education should be secondary to men’s. Rather, she argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful. Wollstonecraft also urged women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics.
17. ______: French author and Deist who wrote poetry, plays, essays and books in a style that was entertaining and often satirical. He deeply admired the English ideal of religious liberty and relative freedom of the press, and is credited with the famous statement in defense of free speech, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Although he made powerful enemies, he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.
18. ______: an 18th-century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.
19. ______: 1762 Rousseau text in which he explained his political philosophy. It stated that government was an agreement among free individuals to create a society.
20. Optimism: a lifeview where one looks upon the world as a positive place; generally believe that people and events are inherently good, having a "positive" outlook on life, and believing that things will work out in the end
21. CANDIDE: Voltaire’s celebrated satirical essay that challenged the notion that everything that happens for the best in “the best of all possible worlds.”
22. Progress: refers to moving or going forward in a process or an advancement; the idea of a process in which societies or individuals become better
23. Age of Reason: time period from 1687 to about 1789 (from Newton’s gravitational theory to the French Revolution) when many great thinkers examined laws, constitutions, kings, religions and the arts to see whether they could be squared with natural law.
6-3: The Enlightenment Spreads
1. ______: These are coffee shops or restaurants that also provide access to computers for a small fee. People around the world use these to explore new ideas and discuss current events
2. ______: one of the 18thcentury European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects.
3. ______: was the most influential of the salon hostesses in Voltaire’s time. She helped finance the Encyclopedie.
4. ______: is often considered the first true English novel. It tells the story of a young servant girl who refuses the advances of her master.
5. ______: was a system in which peasants were forced to live and work on a landowner’s estate.
6. ______: 28 volumes that covered everything then known about the sciences, technology and history in more that 3,000 pages crammed with illustrations. It criticized the Church (which banned it) and government and praised religious tolerance. It helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe.
7. ______: relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s.
8. ______: means “absolute ruler.”
9. ______: tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.
10. ______: a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment.
11. ______: influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the actions of his mother, he implemented stronger reforms in Austria. He abolished serfdom, made land taxes equal for peasants and nobles, gave freedom to the press, and supported freedom of worship, even for Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews. Unfortunately, most of his reforms failed.