Metro Central Education District

1

METRO CENTRAL EDUCATION DISTRICT

COMMON PAPERS

HISTORY PAPER 1

GRADE 12

SEPTEMBER 2014

MARKING GUIDELINES

SECTION A: SOURCE - BASED

QUESTION 1: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR

1.1Source 1A

1.1.1Potsdam(1x2) (2)

1.1.2Soviet Union/USSR/Russia(1x2) (2)

1.1.3

• There were no direct links to Berlin.
• Any Western contact had to pass through or go across East Germany

thatwas controlled by the Soviet Union Any (1x2) (2)

1.1.4

• Stalin could have stopped all flow of traffic into Berlin
• Cut - off supply of goods
• Not allow any contact between the West and the city of Berlin.

Any (2x2) (4)

1.2Source 1B

1.2.1 USA, France and Britain (3x1) (3)

1.2.2Blockade implemented by Stalin to cut – off Western supply of goods to West Berlin (1x3) (3)

1.2.3

• Stalin’s actions came unexpectedly; the closing of the mouse hole came suddenly and at night
• Fear that this action could lead to conflict or war
• They could not support West Berlin
• Any other relevant answer Any(2x2) (4)

1.2.4Stalin(1x2) (2)

1.2.5 Yes.

• He used them to play the Cold War game
• He cut - off Berlin to test the reaction of the West
• Any other relevant answer

No

• The cartoon does not really depicts the intentions of Stalin
• Cartoon could be tampered to give the idea that Stalin wants to spread communism
• Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.2.6 Useful

• It does represent Stalin as the cause of the Berlin Crisis
• and accurately describes the West as weak and scared
• Any other relevant answer

OR

Not Useful/Limited use:

• This is a British cartoon; it may be bias.
• Presents Russia (Stalin ) in a bad light whilst the West are seen as weak and scared.
• Any other relevant answer (2x2) (4)

1.3Source 1C

1.3.1

• The currency crisis
• The vast difference in economic growth in the West as compared

to East Berlin

• The fact that the West was using West Berlin to spy on Russia
• Wanted to force the West out of Berlin (2x1) (2)

1.3.2

• Threat of the nuclear war threat
• Stalin not ready for war with the West
• War would have been destructive
• Any other relevant answer Any (2x2) (4)

1.3.3

• He felt that Stalin had violated the agreements reached at Potsdam of joint control
• The Soviet Union was supposed to agree to the Four- Power currency

control that was part of the agreement of joint control and went on

to issue a new currency for the Eastern Sector.

• Any other relevant answer Any (1x3) (3)

1.3.4Reliable

• It gives insight and is a fair description of the event – The Berlin Airlift
• Any other relevant answer

Not Reliable

• The source is an adaptation from a secondary source
• Any other relevant answer (1x3) (3)

1.4Main Points

• The allied powers did not show insight or vision when they allowed

Berlin to be divided into four sectors since its very position in the Soviet control would have allowed for a crisis of this nature

• The West should have been aware of the danger of a blockade

• The refusal of Stalin of the Four –power currency agreements showed the

rift between the Soviet Union and the West.

• The use of innocent lives by Stalin could have forced the Cold War into

a hot war.

• Any other relevant answer(8)

[50]

QUESTION TWO: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: ANGOLA

1.1Source 2A

2.1.1Commander of the SWA Territorial Force or Chief of the SADF(1x2) (2)

2.1.2

• Threat of communism
• He could not understand why people are critical regarding S.A’s involvement in Angola; needs to be involved to stop the spread of communism
• Any other relevant answer(1x2) (2)

2.1.3

• Botha’s Total Onslaught propaganda (communism)
• Close connection between the USA and S.A – policy of containment
• MPLA – communist government - ruling Angola as a communist government Any (2x2) (4)

2.1.4

• Negative / scathing, they don’t understand S.A’s position in terms of Total Onslaught
• Any other relevant response(1x3) (3)

2.1.5Reliable

• Reliable to a point in understanding S.A’s arrogance and inflexibility regarding their involvement in Angola
• In understanding S.A’s Total Onslaught propaganda
• Any other relevant answer

Not Reliable

• Bias: opinions expressed by a high official in the SADF
• Opinion or viewpoint thus one – sided
• Any other relevant answer (2x2) (4)

1.2Source 2B

2.2.1

• is a belief in sharing economic resources in a "traditional" African way
• mutual responsibility to end poverty & inequalities
• social development guided by a large public sector
• incorporating the African identity /and what it means to be African
• Any other relevant answer(1x3) (3)

2.2.2

• Meeting their obligations to the world by defending socialism
• Militarily assisting Angola to withstand foreign aggression
• Building economic ties with Angola
• Spreading political sway over Angola and adjacent southern African regions
• Facing up to the USA in the Cold WarAny (4x1) (4)

2.2.3

• 2B - Geldenhuys claims S.A has the legal right to defend its borders from the communist onslaught and also the borders of Namibia which in international terms it has the right to occupy; USSR has no business in Angola

• 2A - Whereas, Kolomin emphasised the need to support Angola in defending its socialist/communist values against the USA/S.A capitalist onslaught
• Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

1.3Source 2C

2.3.1Cigar - Cuba and Hammer and sickle / communist symbol – USSR (2x1) (2)

2.3.2

• Represent /simplifies historical and complicated data/information in a particular way
• It shows the involvement of the USSR and Cuba in Africa and how the USSR dictates their involvement to the detriment of Africa
• Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

2.3.3

• The USSR control and direct Cuba’s involvement in Angola
• Africa seen as the dumping ground (ashtray) and its destruction is of no concern to them
• Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

2.3.4Oil or diamonds(1x2) (2)

2.4Source 2D

2.4.1Jonas Savimbi(1x2) (2)

2.4.2In support of its policy of containment(1x2) (2)

2.5Main Points

• The USSR wants to expand communism
• Involved in Angola in terms of the global confrontation with the Capitalist USA
• The USA involved to stop the spread of communism and to promote capitalism/imperialism
• Cuba as a vassal of the USSR to defend socialism/communism
• S.A in keeping with its Total Onslaught propaganda and in support of the West
• Any other relevant answer

• Cannot extract relevant evidence or extracts little relevant evidence in an elementary manner only to comment on usefulness and limitations of sources
• Uses evidence and own knowledge partially to report on usefulness and limitations or cannot report on usefulness and limitations
• Copies directly from sources

• Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to usefulness and limitations of the sources
• Shows some understanding of the usefulness and limitations using own words
• Still uses evidence and own knowledge in a basic manner

(50)

QUESTION 3: CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

3.1Source 3A

3.1.1The march was supported by organizations from a wide spectrum:

• Congress of Racial Equality
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
• Student Non – Violent Coordinating Committee
• Any of the other groups mentioned (3x1)(3)

3.1.2Denied freedom / unemployment / poor housing / civil rights/poor education

access to public accommodation / vote rights/ Any (3x1)(3)

3.1.3

USEFULNESS

The source gives the historian a clear picture of the march:

• the organizers and the reasons for marching
• the appeal to the public
• Any other relevant answer

NOT USEFUL

• Tampering with the poster
• Not enough information and clarity with regard to the organization and reasons for the march
• Any other relevant answer(2x2) (4)

3.2Sources 3B and 3C

3.2.1Peaceful initiatives to bring about social change without the use of violence

Any other relevant answer(1x3) (3)

3.2.2John Lewis(1x2) (2)

3.2.3 Joan Baez and Bob Dylan(2x1) (2)

3.2.4

• Source 1A shows that the march was well - organized and advertised
• which concurs with the description given in Source C of a well – organized march, i.e. chartered buses and trains and masses remained peaceful
• Any other relevant answer

(2x2) (4)

3.2.5

• The author aligned himself with the militants who did not approve of non – violence as method to bring about change in the lives of black people
• The author believed that the march was organized to project racial harmony, but little was achieved to improve the lives of black people
• Sources 3A, 3C and 3D emphasized a well – organized march and the unity among black and white to fight against injustices
• Any other relevant answer Any (2x2) (4)

3.2.6

The sources present a very different picture of the march:

SOURCE 3B: Began without leaders./ walking to the march / semblance of

control/ movement was a boiling cauldron of discord

SOURCE 3C : Chartered trains and buses / well - organised programme /

not engineered by the leaders / King delivered his famous

speech that was well received

Any other relevant answer

Source 3B = Any (1x2) (2) and Source 3C = Any (1x2) (2): (2x2) (4)

3.2.7

• Both are leaders of the Black Power Movement
• Carmichael felt that the march was made up of middle class and not the poor class while
• Malcolm X felt it was a” sell out”.
• That the speeches were censored and the
• CRM was not active enough
• Any other relevant answer Any (1x2) (2)

3.3Source 3D

3.3.1 Georgia and Mississippi (2x1) (2)

3.3.2

• Injustice to black people
• Alienation of blacks on the basis of colour
• Little or no freedom for black people
• Lack of nation building
• Dream of black and white being united Any (2x1) (2)

3.3.3He wanted the following to happen in the USA

• One united USA in which people could be molded into one nation
• The freedom and justice would prevail for all in the South
• That skin colour should not be used to determine one’s worth
• Any other relevant answer(Any (2x2) (4)

3.4Source 3A: Encourages people to participate/Major non – violent role players

Involved OR 3B: Gives a radical perspective of the March/However, it captures the viewpoints of the Black Power Movement OR Source 3C: Insight into the orderly manner in which the march took place/enthusiasm of the marchers OR Source 3D: Fundamentals of the leader of the March/insight into the passion and viewpoints of King Any Source (1x3) (3)

3.5 Main Points

• The march attracted a multi-racial crowd
• Hundreds of thousands participated in the march
• Symbolic that it ended at the Lincoln Memorial—emancipation of slaves
• March televised across America
• I have a dream speech – hall mark of the struggle
• The government forced to introduce reforms: Civil Rights Act
• Any relevant answer (8)

[50]

SECTION B: ESSAY

QUESTION 4 : EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY VIETNAM

“USA strategies and tactics between 1965 and 1973 against North Vietnam, ultimately failed to contain the formation of a united communist regime in Vietnam.”

Assess the accuracy of statement. [50]

Plan and construct an argument based on evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]

SYNOPSIS

In writing this essay, candidates must gauge whether USA strategies and tactics between 1965 and 1973 against North Vietnam, ultimately played the most important role in failing to contain the spread of communism and the formation of a united communist regime in Vietnam.

MAIN ASPECTS

Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates must focus on the conventional war strategies and tactics of the USA, and how they ultimately proved ineffective against the guerrilla warfare waged by the Vietcong and Vietminh, between 1963-1968 (Policy of Escalation: Johnson) and 1969-1973(Policy of Vietnamization Nixon).

ELABORATION

• Eisenhower’s (1954-60)policy of stopping the spread of communism (Containment and the Domino Theory) , and Kennedy’s (1960 – 1963) Policy of counter-insurgency (train ARVN & counter guerrilla tactics; prevent Vietcong sheltered by local peasants), resulted in a failure;
• Johnson (1963 – 1968) –pursued an aggressive, militarist ‘Hawkish” policy towards Vietnam/ Hence, Policy of escalation, aimed at greater USA involvement & escalation of war cost;
• Tactics & strategies of USA: “Operation Rolling Thunder”—aerial, “strategic target” bombing using cluster bombs and chemical weapon);/ “Search & Destroy” missions on enemy units/ 'Operation Ranch Hand' (bombing and cutting off supply routes from North Vietnam to Viet Cong)/ “Villagisation” (creation of new villages and attempts to separate villagers [farmers] from guerrillas);/WHAM- winning hearts and minds (build trust) of the Vietnamese./
• President Nixon (1969-1975) pursued a “Vietnamization”/ and simultaneously, increasing the air war over North Vietnam/ and —“Operation Menu”(1969),authorizing the secret, massive carpet bombing of Cambodia, from which the Vietcong was being supplied.

All the above-mentioned USA policies and strategies failed to contain the spread of communism, namely:

• 'Operation Ranch Hand', caused lasting environmental damage (“deforestation”) but not to the Ho Chi Minh Trail./ failure to stop the weapons supply/
• “Operation Rolling Thunder”, Naplam, toxic, chemical weapons and gases used, mostly on crops, & villages (civilians), /tarnish America’s image in Vietnam and in the international media./,
• “Villagization” failed—difficulty in separating guerrillas from villagers–farmers /peasants./ hit-and-run attacks against USA forces continued/ and its failure to win the hearts and minds of the South Vietnamese/
• USA atrocities [My Lai Massacre (1968)] / and its bolstering up of the unpopular, military dictatorship (supported by the wealthy elite) of South Vietnam/ US in a war on two fronts: from disgruntled local Vietnamese (mainly peasant and rural based) who were now pro-Vietcong, and bitterly opposed to the US-backed military dictatorship in South Vietnam/, and from North Vietnam/
• Nixon’s ‘Christmas Bombings’ (1972), brought immediate condemnation from the international community and forced the USA to reconsider its tactics and negotiation strategy.
• Vietcong succeeded in inflicting heavy losses on the USA because of its far superior guerrilla strategies and tactics, namely: avoiding open battles with enemy, and the use of crippling guerrilla tactics, such as its (1) effective use of underground tunnels booby traps, ambushes and mines; (2) its hit-and-run attacks on USA patrols at night;(3) its use the local population to gather information about troop movements, which facilitated The Tet Offensive (1968), considerably weakened USA confidence & convinced public opinion in the USA, that they were losing the war /
• Less important factors: the use of young and inexperienced US soldiers,/ their lack of understanding of the Vietnamese terrain/ & their false sense of confidence— together with the superior guerrilla strategies and tactics and the disastrous policies, strategies and tactics of USA, resulted in the death of thousands of USA soldiers/ covered by an uncensored media in the USA,/ influenced the formation of an anti - war movement in the USA., which ultimately forced the USA to withdraw its forces from Vietnam, & the formation of a united communist Vietnam/

CONCLUSION: Candidates should round up their argument with a relevant conclusion. [50]

QUESTION 5

The economic models adopted by the Congo and Tanzania were capitalism

and socialism respectively, yet both adopted a one-party, centralised political model

after independence.

Discuss critically.

[50]

SYNOPSIS

Candidates are expected to discuss the adoption of capitalism and capitalism and show the effect the one – party had on the political – economic life of Congo and Tanzania after independence. This can be done either thematically or by considering the success and challenges of the individual nation’s policies.

INTRODUCTION

Candidates need to make mention of the link between the political development of the state and the adoption of a particular economic policy.

ELABORATION

Political

• Tanzania emerged from colonialism by electing Julius Nyerere’s TANU party and following an economic policy known as African Socialism, articulated in the Arusha Declaration.
• Political implementations of socialism for Tanzania - A Leadership Code was introduced to prohibit politicians from becoming corrupt

Politicians were prohibited to hold company shares

• The Congo emergence from colonialism was difficult because of conflicted political agendas driven by international and national agendas. Mobutu seized power in with the help of the CIA in 1965 and thereafter adopted a capitalist, pro-west style of governance.
• The link between the political origins and the choice of the economic model

Economic

Congo

• Initially Mobutu’s economic was effective – inflation halted, the currency was stabilised, output increased and government debt kept low.
• Congo adopted a capitalist model – it is rich in minerals, agricultural resources and a significant of hydro-electricity – and hence has the potential to be an economically strong nation.
• Initially Mobutu provided a degree of economic stability and economic progress
• However - much of the economic strength was diluted by government policies and practice after an economic downturn in the 1970s
• Mobutu instituted the Zairianisation of the economy and ensured that there was no political rivals emerged – the USA and French supported his regime.

• What followed was low standard of living, economic mismanagement, neglect of infrastructure, dependence on financial aid, and the emergence of an elite class supported by the west.
• The policy of retrocession introduced by Mobutu to reverse earlier decisions has had a favourable outcome on the economy

Tanzania

• Nyerere's economic vision was set out in the Arusha Declaration
• Economic self-reliant/ develop rural areas - hoped to increase agricultural productivity through the people’s hard work
• Ujamaa - his villagisation programme/ communities should work together
• Nationalisation of businesses
• Agriculture self-reliance encouraged rural development
• People resisted the forced movement of people off their ancestral land – rejected Ujamaa villages
• Decrease in production of agricultural produce
• Food shortages
• Required to borrow money from foreign sources

CONCLUSION