Literature Review of Cognitive Neuroscience and Anorexia Nervosa Supplementary Table 1
Literature Review of Cognitive Neuroscience and Anorexia Nervosa
Literature Review of Cognitive Neuroscience and Anorexia Nervosa – Supplementary Table 1
Title: Literature Review of Cognitive Neuroscience and Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Marie-Claire Reville1,2, Lorna O'Connor2,3 & Ian Frampton1,2
Affiliations:
1 Feeding and Eating Disorders Service, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, UK
2College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
3Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
Corresponding author: Marie-Claire Reville, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH. E-mail: .
Table 1: Findings from neuropsychological studies of anorexia nervosa 2013- May 2015
Article / Sample / Age: years / Task/Intervention / Findings / x/7Domain: Valance Systems
Brockmeyer et al.[14] / AN:25 HC:25 / A / Linguistic inquiry and word count of negative and positive words in a description and reflection of autobiographical events. / % -ve emotion words: AN>HC. % +ve emotion words: ns. -ve emotion words +ve correlation with BMI in AN* not HC. AN&HC: +ve emotions words not correlated with BMI. Emotion (+ve or -ve) words not correlated with depression in AN or HC. Emotion (+ve or -ve) words not correlated with duration of illness in AN. / 3
Bomba et al. [16] / AN:60, HC:60 / T / Autobiographical Memory Test. / Over general memory: AN>HC. Cue valence: ns influence on recall. / 3.5
Manuel & Wade, [15] / AN (current/ recent):24, HC:24 / T&A: 16-60 / Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale; Computerised Stroop Task with emotional faces; 60-word Memory Recall and Recognition Test. / Difficulties with emotion regulation: AN>HC. Negative affect memory bias and anger threat bias: AN ≠ HC (correlated with emotion regulation*). / 3.5
Wierenga et al. [17] / ANREC:23, HC:17 / A / Delay discounting monetary decision task. / RECAN > HC in bilateral middle frontal gyrus. Delayed discounting: ns (performance); HC>RECAN when hungry (speed (time)). HC: hunger: ↑ reward salience circuitry; satiety: ↑ cognitive control circuitry. RECAN hunger vs satiety = ns differences in circuitries. / 6
Domain: Cognitive Systems
Andres-Perpina et al. [22] / AN: 37, HC:41 / T / WISC-Revised: vocabulary, digit spam, coding, and block design subtests. WMS III, logical memory, immediate recall, delayed recall, visual reproduction immediate and delayed recall; RCFT; RAVLT; TMT Tests A and B. WCST categories, errors and perseverations ; COWAT; Stroop. / Results ns excluding RCFT HC>AN. AN grouped by performance: normal, deficit/impaired (2 SD<norm) RCFT, Visual Reproduction immediate recall: AN (deficit) < HC & AN (norm). RCFT time: HC<AN (deficit and normal). RAVLT: AN (norm) > AN (deficit). / 6
Lozano-Serra et al. [22] / AN:25 (pre and post re-feeding), HC:26 / T / WISC, WMS III, RCFT, TMT A and B, WCST, Stroop. / WISC, WMS III, TMT, WCST, Stroop: ns. RCFT: copy: ns; immediate: AN<HC; time: AN> HC; organisation: AN<HC. ANWR: sig improvements in all tests, ANvs HC: ns; AN resumed menstruation > AN with amenorrhea: Block Design, delayed recall of Visual Reproduction and Stroop; AN resumed menstruation vs AN with amenorrhea: ns on BMI, age and psychopathological scale scores. / 6
Weider et al. [21] / AN:40, BN:39, HC:40 / A:17-63 / California Verbal Learning Test -II; WMS-Revised; RCFT; TMT Test Part A, WAIS III (digit symbol, symbol search); General Ability Index subtests: Picture Completion, Matrix Reasoning, Block Design, Vocabulary, Similarities, and Information; Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; Category Test Computer Version with 108 cards; WCST-64 Card Version (total errors, perseverative responses); DKEFS: Tower Test (total achievement score),Verbal Fluency Test (letter, category, switching) Stroop (colour naming, word reading); Conners Continuous Performance Test-II (omissions, commissions, hit RT, hit RT SE, detectability, hit RT by block, hit RT by block SE, hit RT by ISI, hit RT by ISI SE); Grooved Pegboard Test DH, Grooved Pegboard Test NDH, Grip strength DH, Grip strength NDH. / 8/9 cognitive domains: AN< HC. Covariates reduced differences, AN remained <HC on verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, visuospatial ability, working memory, and executive functioning. / 7
Subconstruct: IQ
Telléus et al. [23] / AN:94, HC:94 / T / WISC-III/WAIS-III, Perceptual Organization Index; Test of Memory and Learning—Second Edition; Memory for Stories; Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, Simple and Choice Reaction Time; Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift and TMT B. / IQ and set shifting: ns. Verbal IQ - Performance IQ: AN>HC. Perceptual Organisation Index (POI): AN<HC. Difference Verbal Comprehension Index-POI: AN>HC: RCFT (time): AN>HC. RTI: five choice movement time: AN<HC; simple movement time: AN >HC. RCFT (copy time): AN>HC. Memory for stories: AN<HC. ∴ AN<HC on nonverbal intelligence functions and in verbal memory and motor speed. / 5.5
Weider et al. [24] / AN:41, BN:40, HC:40 / T&A: 16+ / WAIS-III. / AN<HC: IQ, Verbal IQ; Performance IQ; General Ability Index; Verbal Comprehension Index; Perceptual Organisation Index; Working Memory Index; Processing Speed Index. / 5.5
Subconstruct: Processing Speed
Zwipp et al. [28] / AN:55, ANREC:23, HC:52 / T / TMT and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in blood. / Psychomotor speed: ns. AN: +ve correlation BDNF and TMT scores*; TMT speed ↑ as weight gain ↑. / 6
Oltra-Cucarella et al. [27] / AN:12, ANWR:12, HC:16 / T&A / The Spanish version of the Kaufman- Brief Intelligence Test; The Digit Span task in Direct Order; Digit Span in Reverse Order (ROD); Stroop (colour-word condition); Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense; RCFT. / ANvs ANWR: ns for IQ; WMS Long Term, Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense. HC > AN & ANWR: ROD; Letter and Number; RCFT˚, RCFT-Long Term, Stroop˚, Total Digit Score˚, TAVEC- free recall short term, WMS Long Term. ˚ = sig after corrections for multiple comparisons. / 5
Construct: Attention
Giel et al. [31] / AN:15, Athletes:15, Non-athletes:15 / A / Eye-tracking to viewing picture pairs. / Gaze time: AN & Athletes > Non-Athletes. Time to first gaze fixation: AN & Athletes < Non-Athletes. AN: evidence of attentional orientation and trait reward responsiveness*. +ve correlation between both physical activity and first gaze fixation on active stimuli and longer gaze on active stimuli*. Athletes -ve correlation*: amount of individually performed physical activity and gaze latency bias. AN +ve correlation both active picture rating and tendency to direct first gaze fixation to active stimuli*, and quicker the orientation and longer the gaze*. Correlation of gaze data with clinical symptoms: ns. / 6
Kim et al. [30] / AN:31, HC:33 / T&A:16-45 / Visual probe detection task with food, weight, and shape images. / Attentional bias AN: eating stimuli: Placebo > Oxytocin; shape stimuli (-ve): Placebo > Oxytocin. Attentional bias HC: ns. Correlation between the effect of oxytocin on fat shape stimuli and communication subscales*, and fat shape stimuli and state anxiety*. / 5
Pinhas et al. [29] / AN: 13, HC:20 / T / Eye-tracking to viewing thin/fat body shapes. / Gaze time: AN: thin bodies > social interactions. AN attentional style to prioritise gaze at 1. Thin bodies, 2. Fat bodies and 3. Social interactions. / 5
Reichel et al. [72] / AN:36, HC:36 / T&A: 14-21 / Startle reflex (eye-blink) paradigm to emaciated and affective standard pictures / AN startle reflex: emaciated bodies < neutral/unpleasant; ns for pleasant. HC startle reflex: emaciated bodies > neutral/pleasant < unpleasant. Heart rate to emaciated body cues: AN↓< HC / 6
Schober et al. [33] / AN/EDNOS:49, HC:44 / A / NART: IQ; dot-probe task with threat words. / NART: ns. Dot-Probe Task: time: AN>HC; attentional bias: ns. / 5
Construct: Perceptual Processes
Guardia et al. [38] / AN:25, HC:25 / T&A / Tactile Discrimination, Spatial Orientation Test. / Tactile Discrimination: ns; -ve correlation with weight*. Spatial Orientation Test: AN<HC, -ve correlation with weight in body tilted conditions* / 6
Urgesi et al. [35] / AN:12, HC:12 / T&A: 13-30 / Delayed matching to sample task with visual stimuli of bodies, faces and object upright or inverted. / % accuracy: ns. Orientation (accuracy): bodies AN<HC; post hoc HC (bodies and faces) upright> inverted; AN (faces) upright> inverted. RT: body stimuli: AN>HC; objects and faces: ns. / 6
Suchan et al. [36] / AN:10, HC:10 / A / fMRI during Contour Drawing Rating Scale scoring female silhouette bodies. / Effective connectivity analysis shows a different network is activated during visual processing in AN&HC samples. Connection strength between the left fusiform body area into the left extrastriate body area correlated with body size misjudgement in AN sample*. / 4
Suda et al. [41] / AN:22 / fMRI during anxiety rating to blocks of images of messy/chaotic/uneven environments or natural environments. / During provocation AN>HC on anxiety (correlated with symmetry/ordering symptoms*). Symmetry/order images: HC>AN in frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus, parietal lobe & precuneus. / 3
Sutoh et al. [73] / AN:10, BN:14, HC:14 / A / Auditorily-distracted word fluency task (WFT) and rock-paper-scissors task (RPST) with intentional loss with near infrared spectroscopy. / ANvs HC on WFT & RPSTloss: ns; [oxyHb] changes during the RPSTloss: ns. / 6
Keizer et al. [39] / AN & EDNOS:19, HC:20 / A / Critical Aperture (A) to Shoulder (S) Ratio (A/Scrit) Task (walk through door-way) / A/Scrit: AN>HC. / 5.5
Overas et al. [37] / AN:37, HC:35 / T&A: 14-29 / Computerised body size estimation morphing task / Overestimation of body size from memory and perception: AN>HC, ns when controlled for state anxiety. AN overestimated body size in perception> memory condition. Accurate body size estimation: AN&HC: other > self. Overestimation of administrator's body size: HC>AN. / 5
Construct: Cognitive (effortful) Control
Billingsley-Marshall et al. [74] / AN:23, ANB:58, BN:13, EDNOS:12 / A / WAIS (Digit Span subtest); The Ruff Figural Fluency Test; COWAT; TMT; Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. / Digit Span subtest; The Ruff Figural Fluency Test; TMT; Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: AN-R & AN-B within average range. COWAT: AN-R & AN-B within the above average range. / 3
Calderoni et al. [47] / ANR:24 HC:46 / T / A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment. / Attention and executive functions: auditory response set: AN<HC; other tests: ns. Language: word generation, semantic: AN>HC; AN (with depression) > AN (no depression); other tests: ns. Memory and learning tests: ns. Sensorimotor functions tests: ns. Social perception tests: ns. Visuospatial processing tests: ns. / 6.5
Dahlgren et al. [44] / AN:22 / T / RCFT immediate recall, delayed recall, style Index; D-KEFS: Verbal Fluency Letters and Category Switch, TMT Condition 4, Stroop Condition 3 and 4, Tower Test; Brixton. / RCFT immediate recall, delayed recall, style Index: inside 1 SD from the norm. (D-KEFS) Verbal Fluency Category Switch; TMT Condition 4; Stroop Condition 3 and 4; Tower Test: inside 1 SD of the norm. DKEFS Verbal Fluency Letter: 1.15 SD from the norm. Brixton test: 0.26 SD from the norm. / 3
Katayama et al. [45] / ED (ANBP, ANR, EDNOS):20, HC:31 / A / Japanese Letter Fluency Task. / AN>HC. / 5
Goddard et al. [43] / Male single case / A: 25 / Removal of tumour in Brodmann areas 32, 8 & 5 and dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus. / On removal of the tumour compulsion to exercise ↓, caloric diet ↑. Following surgery suboptimal performance in inhibition, semantic verbal fluency, working memory, decision making. / 2
Subconstruct: Central Coherence
Fonville et al. [75] / AN:35, HC:35 / T / fMRI & variant of the EFT / EFT (accuracy): HC>AN. AN ↑ fusiform gyrus. HC ↑ precuneus. / 4
Kanakam et al. [76] / AN:26, BN, (BN, EDNOS-BN &BED):26, Non-AN cotwin:12, Non BN cotwin:6, HC twins:42 / T&A:16-60 / WCST; IQ; RCFT; EFT, Brixton; The EATATE; The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised. / Set shifting: WCST: AN < HC & BD; Brixton: AN< HC. Set shifting was associated with obsessive traits (OCI-R total score, OCI-R obsessing and ordering subscales, EATATE part 2 interview on need for order and symmetry in childhood)*. Central coherence (GEFT): ns; associated with need for order and symmetry*. / 6
Lindner et al. [77] / REC:100, HC:100 / A / RCFT. / RCFT (copy): AN>HC (sig remained when controlled for depression). / 4.5
Roberts et al. [78] / AN: 68, BN:30, ANREC:30, HC:88 + 50 sisters of ED patients / T&A:16-60 / EFT; RCFT. / EFT: time: AN & ANREC <HC; time out fails: AN<HC. RCFT: central coherence: AN<HC; accuracy copy & recall: AN<HC. Neurocognitive outcomes: AN unaffected sister vs AN: ns. / 4.5
Van Autreve et al. [79] / ANR:31, ANBP:20, HC:26 / A / Block Design; Object Assembly; adapted task-switching paradigm; WCST; TMT. / Central Coherence (Block Design & Object Assembly): ANR<ANBP & HC. Set shifting (adapted task-switching paradigm, WCST & TMT): ns. / 4.5
Rose et al. [80], FramptomLask, 2013 / AN:78, HC:78 / T / RCFT for immediate, delayed and recognition memory, central coherence & organization strategy; WASI (IQ). / IQ: AN>HC. RCFT: immediate, delayed, recognition memory, central coherence, organization strategy: ns; copy time: AN>HC. / 4.5
Van Noort et al. [81] / AN:3 / T / Set shifting (DKEFS- TMT Test, Stroop, Brixton Test); Central Coherence (RCFT); Visual-Spatial Processing (RCFT Immediate and delayed recall). Z scored. / AN 1&2: set shifting> 0, central coherence & visuospatial processing<0. AN 2: set shifting, central coherence & visuospatial processing<0. / 4
Subconstruct: Set Shifting
Abbate-Daga et al. [82] / AN:94, HC:59 / A / WCST. / WCST (errors): AN>HC. / 4.5
Galimberti et al. [54] / ANR:24, ANBP:12, BN:16, HC:40 / A / CANTAB: Intra-Extra Dimensional (ID/ED) Set shifting Test and Stop Signal Task. / Stop Signal Task: reaction time: AN groups > HC, ANBP>BN; mean correct reaction times on 'go' trials: ns. ID/ED: ns main effect of group. / 6
Lindner et al. [83] / REC:100, HC:100 / A / Berg’s Card Sorting Test. / Categories achieved: REC<HC, (post-hoc REC-restriction<HC). Perseverations: REC>HC (post-hoc REC-other>HC). Shift reaction times: REC<HC. Personality variables were correlated with scores in some groups*. / 4.5
Stedal et al. [46] / AN:52, HC:27 / T&A: 13-25 / DKEFS Verbal Fluency Task; WAIS. / Verbal fluency: words and categories: ns; switching: AN > HC. / 4.5
Talbot et al. [84] / AN: 24, REC:25, HC:43 / A / WCST; Matching Familiar Figures Test; RCFT. / WCST (perseveration errors): REC>HC. RCFT & MFFT: ns. Clinical & Cognitive variables: ns relationship. / 4.5
Filoteo et al. [85] / ANWR:19, HC:35 / Explicit category learning task. / The ANWR group displayed steeper learning curves (i.e., hyper learning) prior to the rule shift, but greater difficulty in learning the new categories after the rule shift (i.e., a deficit in set shifting). There were ns associations between demographic or clinical variables and Shift Cost for the ANWR. / 4
Zucker et al. [57] / AN:24, REC:19, HC:24 / A / WCST. / AN: -ve association between WCST perseverative errors and public self-focused attention was sig different from private self-focused attention. / 4.5
Arbe et al. [86] / AN:25 HC:25 / A / Computerized version of the WCST; Computerized Body-Size Discrimination task (CBSD); Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD). / WCST: quantity: AN<HC; other scores: ns. CBSD: quantity: AN<HC; other scores: ns. IQ was a confounding effect of correlations between insight and WCST. Multiple regression identified 3 models for CBSD, 1 accounted for 0% of the data, 2 of which accounted for 40% of the data, these had metacognitive predictors alone or metacognitive predictors and conventional figure task predictors. This indicates that the metacognitive predictors (insight) better account for CBSD. / 6
Renwick et al. [18] / AN & EDNOS-AN:100 / A / WCST; Brixton; RCFT; Reading Mind in Films. / Cluster Analysis: 3 cluster solution. Cluster 1 (n=45): scores -1 to 1 SD of the norm. Cluster 2 (n=38) scores: -2 to 0.5 SD of the norm. Cluster 3 (n=17) scores: -2.5 to 0 SD of the norm. Clusters x clinical symptoms: ns. / 4
Subconstruct: Inhibition
Kullmann et al. [53] / AN:12, Athlete:12, HC:12 / A / Affective go/no-go task during fMRI. / Athletes and HC (response inhibition activation of middle temporal gyrus, posterior cingulum and medial orbital frontal gyrus) > AN for food and non-food stimuli. AN & Athletes (response inhibition in the somatosensory cortex) > HC for active and inactive stimuli. AN (prefrontal cortex) > Athletes and HC to inactive stimuli. AN (commission errors) > Athletes and HC for active compared with inactive stimuli. / 5
Aloi et al. [52] / AN:45, BED:45, HC:45 / A / IGT; WCST; TMT; Hayling; RCFT. / IGT: AN < HC. WCST global score: BED = AN; AN > HC. TMT Part A-Part B: with age and education as covariates: BED > AN; AN = HC; age is a covariate: BED = AN; AN = HC. Hayling: errors: BED = AN; AN = HC. RCFT: ns. / 5
Wierenga et al. [87] / ANREC: 23, HC:17 / T: 14-19 / WASI; WCST, WRAT4 Reading; fMRI during stop signal task. / WASI: ns. WCST (perseverative errors): AN>HC. WRAT4 Reading: ns. During Stop Signal Task for ROI analysis: hard condition AN<HC: dorsal anterior cingulate, right middle frontal gyrus and left posterior cingulate; AN easy > hard: left middle frontal gyrus and left posterior cingulate; HC hard > easy: rostral anterior cingulate. / 4
Subconstruct: Decision Making and Planning
Adoue et al. [88] / AN:63, HC:49 / A / IGT; Balloon Analogue Risk Task; Probabilistic Reverse Learning Task & Brixton. / IGT: AN<HC. Balloon Analogue Risk Task: AN ↓ risky to HC. Probabilistic Reverse Learning Task: ns. Brixton: An < HC. No variation found based upon current mood status. / 4
Bischoff-Grethe et al. [89] / ANR:10, HC:12 / T / fMRI whilst participants performed a Monetary Guessing Task . / Losses vs Wins: AN ↑ in posterior executive and sensorimotor striatal regions, AN>HC ↑ in posterior executive and sensorimotor striatal regions. Wins vs Losses: AN=HC ↑ limbic and anterior executive striatal regions. / 3.5
Bodell et al. [90] / AN:22, HC:20 / A / fMRI during IGT before and after weight restoration in a subset of 14 AN patient. / IGT: AN low weight< HC. AN low weight = ANWR, but > for poor performers at baseline. Poor IGT: AN-low weight: ↓ left medial OFC volume were significantly associated, after weight restoration: ns. / 5
Chan et al. [91] / AN:94 BN:63 HC:67 / A / IGT. / IGT= ns. AN performance was characterized by impairments in memory functions. Memory functions in AN were +ve correlated with BMI*. / 3
Claes et al. [92] / AN non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI):18, AN no NSSI: 42 / A / WCST; IGT; Stroop. / WCST (perseverative errors, and non-perseverative errors): NSSI > non-NSSI. All other tests: ns. / 3
Dmitrzak-Weglarz et al. [93] / AN:60 (ANR:46, ANB: 14), HC:45 / T / WCST. / WCST =ns. / 4.5
Favaro et al. [55] / Lifetime AN:166, HC:140 / A / WCST. / WCST (perseverative errors, and non-perseverative errors): AN>HC. Genetic: Met-Met carriers: AN≠HC. fMRI: DLPFC, vmPFT, VIPFC: ns; AN only group: Met-Met vs Val carriers: Met-Met ↑ DLPF and vmPFC, ↓ DLPFC, vmPFC and vIPFC. / 4.5
Fornasari et al. [94] / AN:15 HC:15 / T / Raven Standard Progressive Matrices test (IQ); IGT; N-Back task. / IQ= ns. IGT (global net score): AN<HC. N-Back task: ns. Generalized estimating equation approach identified four clinical variables, which influenced IGT performance: blocks repetition, anxiety, psychogenic eating disorders and self-transcendence. / 5.5
Galimberti et al. [54] / AN:29 Unaffected relatives (ANR):29 HC:29 HC relatives(HR):29 / A / IGT, ToH; WCST. / IGT & WCST: AN <HC, ANR< HC&HCR. ToH: ns (with age as a covariate). IGT (advantageous deck selection): ANh2 =.42, HC h2= .40. WCST (% of perseverative errors): AN h2 =.20, HC h2= .32. ∴ IGT>WCST genetic effects on performance. / 5
GarridoSubira, [95] / ANR:27, ANBP/BN:44, HC:38 / A / IGT. / IGT: AN<HC, ANR< ANBP/BN; improvement during task: ANBP/BN & HC improved, ANR no improvement. HC >ANR<ANBP/BN (with age and education as covariates). / 3.5
PignattiBernasconi, [96] / AN:33, BN:17, HC:20 / A / TMT; WCST; Hayling. / TMT: ns. WCST (failures to maintain set): AN>HC; AN & BN: ns. Hayling: sig main effect, but not at post hoc level. / 4.5
Ritschel et al. [97] / AN:35 (ANREC: 34), HC:54 / A&T 12-29 / IQ, intertemporal choice task. / IQ = ns. Intertemporal choice task: ns (remained ns when age matched). / 4
Sato et al. [98] / AN:15, HC:15 / A / WAIS-Revised; WCST (during fMRI). / IQ: ns. WCST: % correct: AN<HC; all % error rates: ns. AN ≠ HC: Bilateral parahippocampalgyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus for set shifting error feedback vs first correct feedback of 5 consecutive corrects. / 7
Heled et al. [20] / AN (low weight): 35, ANWR:33, HC:48 / A / DKEFS Sorting Test. / Correct sorts, free sorting description score, sort recognition description score: HC>AN, AN (underweight) vs ANWR: ns. Correlations between AN (underweight) age of onset and time-per-sort ratio, and perseveration*. / 6
Neveu et al. [99] / HC:18, BN:18, ANR:16, ANBP:19 / T / Neutral/relaxing, binge food and stressful conditions: Race Game; intertemporal discounting task; Simon task; Go/No-go task. / Neutral/relaxing images: ↑ anxiety in ANR, ANB, BN > HC. Intertemporal discounting task: BN & ANB patients disregarded future reward less in food than neutral/relaxing condition. Simon task: ns findings for AN. Race Game, Go/No-go task: backward reasoning in the food condition was inversely associated with approach behaviour in the BN group, and associated with avoidance behaviour in the ANB group. / 3.5
Construct: Working Memory
Lao-Kaim et al. [56] / AN:31, HC:31 / A / fMRI + letter n back task of increasing difficulty; NART-R (IQ); WSAS. / IQ: AN<HC. 2-Back (omission errors): AN>HC. Neuropsychological tests (accuracy & speed): ns. AN & HC: Neural activity ↑ with task difficulty (and vice versa), AN had some additionally activated regions. / 3.5
Domain: Systems for Social Processes
Construct: Social Communication
Subconstruct: Perception and Understanding of Self and Others
Boehm et al. [62] / AN:35, HC:35 / T: 12-13 / Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztests für Kinder (IQ); fMRI; Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-2) introspective awareness subscale. / IQ: ns. Left angular gyrus functional connectivity AN>HC, left anterior insula/frontal operculum AN>HC. Insula activity was associated with introspective awareness. / 6.5
McAdams & Krawczyk, [61] / AN in past 2 years:18, HC:18 / A: 18-45 / fMRI during Social and Physical Appraisal Questionnaire (to...self, friend, reflective). / Social Tasks: Self -Friend Contrast: AN<HC in Precuneus; Friend-Self Contrast: AN<HC in middle frontal area; Reflected-Self Contrast: AN<HC in dorsal anterior cingulate. Physical Tasks: Self-Friend Contrast: AN<HC in anterior cingulate. / 5
Calderoni et al. [63] / AN:32, HC:41 / T / Interpersonal Reactivity Index (self-report questionnaire). / Cognitive empathy (perspective taking & fantasy): ANR<HC. Affective empathy (empathic concern & personal distress): ns. / 3
Subconstruct: Facial Communication
Kim et al. [32] / AN:31, HC:33 / A / Measure attentional bias with reaction times during: Visual Probe Detection Task with Emotional Faces. / Angry response style: AN: avoidance; HC: vigilance. With oxytocin: AN ↑ vigilance, HC ↓ vigilance & small effect size in attention. Disgust: AN & HC: attentional bias. With oxytocin: AN & HC ↓ attentional bias (+ve correlated with self-report anger expression in HC*). / 5
Cardi et al. [58] / AN:29, BN:17, REC:22 (AN:13, BN:9), HC:50 / T&A: 16-65 / Dot-probe task with faces expressing rejection and acceptance. / Attentional bias (immediate and delayed) for AN (current and recovered) vs BN (current and recovered): ns. Interaction between accepting and rejecting faces and group*: RECAN & RECBN immediate attentional bias to rejection; RECAN & RECBN immediate and sustained attentional avoidance of accepting faces; HC had an opposing attentional pattern to accepting and rejecting faces. / 4
Tapajoz Pereira de Sampaio et al. [60] / AN:22, BN:19, HC:24 / A / Word Accentuation Test (IQ); RME; FPT. / IQ(AN, BN, HC): ns. RME Accuracy: AN< HC or BN; -ve emotions and emotions in male eyes: AN< HC or BN. FPT (accuracy): AN< HC on control stories and total score; memory questions: ns. AN: BMI and clinical variable not correlated with performance in theory of mind. / 5.5
de Sampaio et al. [59] / AN:24, BN:24, HC:24 / A / RME; RCFT; FPT. / RME & FPT: AN<HC (4/6 subtests). RCFT: AN<HC (3/4 subtests). / 4.5
Zucker et al. [57] / AN:21, ANREC: 20, HC:23 / A / Pointlight Walkers (emotion identification). / AN< ANREC & HC. AN (> angry faces) & (< sad faces) compared to ANREC & HC. / 5
Notes: