Jaehyeong Lee, Arjun Adhia, Seth Archer, Drew Harrelson, Colt Bradley (in that order of pages)

Key Points (pg.218-221)
  • The West’s Expansionist Impulse
  • Many factors contributed to Europe’s sudden expansion to the North, South, and East.
  • Europe began to establish themselves in remote places (temporarily) such as Canada and Jerusalem.
  • Europe pushed back the Muslims out of many locations and “reclaimed” their land.
  • Though it was not lasting, the expansionist movement had an impacting on the world, establishing Europe’s ability to go beyond its borders.
  • Religious Reforms and Evolution
  • The Catholic Church underwent periods of rise and decline, with piety and feudality respectively.
  • Popes and other monastic leaders worked hard to separate the church and state, establishing the church as the powerhouse.
  • The High Middle Ages
  • Education, religion, politics, and agriculture merged to form the social order and economy of the European High Middle Ages.
/ Expansion Points
  • The West’s Expansionist Impulse
  • Population growth, memories of Rome’s greatness, and Christian zeal spurred expansion.
  • Germanic knights/Agricultural settlers Germany/Poland.
  • Small Christian states attacked Muslims on Iberian Peninsula, pushed to center of Spain (Toledo)
  • Removal of Muslim rulers did not occur till 1492.
  • Early 15th century: Spanish monarchies merged with Isabella and Ferdinand’s marriage.
  • Vikings settled Iceland, Greenland, and Canada, Spain and Italy tried/failed to cross Atlantic Ocean
  • Pope Urban II-first crusade (1095), appealed to piety, gave forgiveness of sins if died in battle, could claim any spoils.
  • Assembled in Constantinople in 1097, took over Jerusalem from the Turks, lost it to General Saladin in 12th century.
  • More crusades, mostly useless. Third killed German Emperor and imprisoned English King, made brief truce with Saladin allowing Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Fourth attacked Constantinople traders for merchants in Venice.
  • Expansion was only a short moment, but demonstrated Europe’s expanding power, exposed Europe to new things, increasing trade, and was surprised by Constantinople’s awe.
  • Religious Reform and Evolution
  • Church was wealthy, religious leaders lived life of lords; Franciscans lived life of religious poverty and service instead.
  • Saint Claire of Assisi-influenced by Saint Francis who converted to poverty and preaching in 1205 and founded new order around it. She refused to marry and founded a Franciscan order with Francis. 1958-declared patron saint of television (during last illness, saw/heard Christmas mass performed on other side of Assisi.
  • Gregory VII-freed church from feudal lords and state control, used holiness of priests (no marriage), got rid of investiture of bishops, excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor from church. Church is direct channel of God’s word. Church courts established the law, origin of recurrent Western beliefs in church-state separation.
  • The High Middle Ages
  • Postclassical version of Western Civilization peaked in 12th-13th centuries.
  • Dynamism of population, agriculture, and cities led to creative tensions
  • Feudal politics was balanced by emerging central monarchy, church, Christianity, and intellectual vitality and diversity.
  • Socioeconomic order dealt with cities, merchants, famers and serfs.

Summary of Three Sections
Europe began expanding in every direction at a high rate due to population and vitality. They entered North America, took the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims and established Spain with a marriage between Ferdinand and Isabella, and launched crusades into Jerusalem through Constantinople. They eventually lost Jerusalem to Muslims, and performed crusades afterwards that were total wastes of time. The Europeans did not establish themselves very long, but showed the world their expansive power. Also, the developed a taste for new things, raising trade. Religious leaders lived wealthy, but others like Francis and Clair lived as impoverished preachers. Some popes asserted the Church’s power and separated state and church, making the Church the supreme power. In the High Middle Ages, were slightly changed, more dynamic, included a growing central monarchy, the rise of the Christian Church, intellectual vitality/diversity and included, from agriculture, cities and merchants in socio-economics.
Key Terms / Outline
Manorialism
Serfs
Three-field-system
Clovis / The Manorial System: Obligations and Allegiances
●Manorialism - the system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers.
●Serfs - lived on manors (agricultural estates)
○received some protection in turn for obligations to landowners
○Hard life
■Equipment was limited, so:
●Moldboard - type of plow created to dig deeper into soil
■Production was low, so:
●Three-field-system - left a third unplanted to regain fertility
○Obligations
■Portion of crops
■Labor - working for landowners
○Some escaped and became wanderers
The Church: Political and Spiritual Power
●Example of solid organization at the time - Copied the government of Roman Empire
○Pope - top authority
■Not always appoint bishops
■Regulated doctrine
■Sponsored missionary activity
○Bishops - Heads of regional churches
■Appointed by mostly monarchs or lords
■Allegiance to church’s central authority
○Priests
■Often appointed and supervised by bishops
●Clovis - German chieftan
○Converted to Christian to gain greater power
●Monasteries
○Discipline the spirituality
○Monastic rules - developed by Benedict of Nursia, Italy
○Improve cultivation of land
○Provided education and supported literacy

Summary:

Manorialism was very popular between serfs and landowners. Even with the benefits of manorialism, serfs still had many hardships. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Catholic church was the only example of organization. They developed a hierarchy of popes, bishops, and priests. They also developed an important chain of monasteries.

  1. Feudal monarchies and Political Advances
  2. Feudalism
  3. Charlamagne
  4. Kings of France (The Capetian Royal Family)
  5. England’s Feudal system
  6. England’s Feudal system
  7. Limited Government
  8. Control
  9. The Church
  10. Magna Carta
  11. Parliaments
  12. The hundred years war
/
  • Based around lords vassals and serfs
  • Big land lords would be in charge of smaller land lords called vassals
  • Usually 5-10 vassals per land lord
  • Vassals would have several families/servants/serfs under them
  • Feudalistic relationships would unite several land lords in times of need such as war
  • These relationships could cover very large regions or even kingdoms
  • Over time gradually reduced local fights
  • Developed strong central states
  • Used a type of this feudalism to establish his kingdom.
  • Built his kingdom around Paris and controlled the land lords around the city.
  • Gradually spread his control through marital alliances
  • Experimented with bureaucracy
  • This took sever centuries
  • By the 14th century the Kings claimed that they could tax the church
  • This caused great conflict.
  • King could mint money
  • Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
  • Invaded England 1066
  • Bought loyalty from the English land lords with land
  • Used sheriffs to make sure things went smoothly
  • Pope controlled central Italy
  • The west was controlled by land lords in a city-state manner
  • The power of the church limited the Monarchies power because they were supposed to be more powerful than the Monarchies
  • Unpopular King John was trying to tax the aristocrats.
  • They forced him to sign the magna carta
  • Confirmed feudal rights against Monarchial claims
  • Represented priviledged groups
  • 1265 First English parliament
  • Claimed right to rule on any proposed changes in taxation
  • Represented 3 key estates
  • Church
  • Nobles
  • Urban Leaders
  • Between France and England
  • Over land controlled by England located in France.

Summary: Feudalism started developing and becoming the dominant way of ruling in Western Europe.

Intro into Chapter 10

Two Images

Stages of Postclassical development

European Devotion /
  • Materialism vs. religion
  • Some were both and gave money to churches
  • Some merchants made deathbed renunciations of their past related to materialism

Unification in Western Europe /
  • Christianity was most obvious factor
  • Growing trade connections
  • Number of interregional contacts increased

Medieval expansion /
  • Growing connections to other civilizations
  • Spread northward
  • Spread of religious beliefs
  • Christian
  • Converted those who believed in polytheism

Medieval technology/knowledge /
  • Gained most from its contacts with other civilizations
  • Agriculture
  • Invaders helped
  • Crops from Africa helped production
  • Byzantines and Arabs taught lessons in many subjects
  • Mathematics
  • Science
  • Philosophy
  • Took more in than it contributed to international knowledge

Western Europe considered less civilized /
  • Economy-less advanced
  • Manners-less polished
  • Considered stupid by the Muslims

Also some brilliance in Western Europe /
  • Thomas Aquinsa
  • Very intelligent
  • Tried to blend rational knowledge and Christian faith
  • First to try to summarized the understanding of man, God, and nature

Problems in Western Europe /
  • Italy was divided politically
  • Spain in Muslim hands
  • Helps influence development of Western Europe

Slow development /
  • Frequent invasions prolonged West Europe’s weakness
  • Weak rulers
  • Technologically impaired
  • Small group of intellectuals
  • Could only copy old knowledge (couldn’t think of new)

After the decline of the Roman Empire, Western Europe had a hard time of recovering to its former glory as a large power in the world. Continual invasions from surrounding areas made development hard. Slowly though, they made contacts to the other civilizations and obtained new knowledge and inventions from these areas. Some of the civilizations they made contact with had mixed views about them though, because some were rough around the edges while some were brilliant. Western Europe continued to spread northward until it controlled all of Western Europe and spread its religion too. This growth was only made possible by the influential neighbors that helped them get caught up in the world.
The Carolingians
Charlemagne
Post-Charlemagne
Holy Roman Emperors / Family that took over the monarchy of the Franks in the 8th Century
Charles “the hammer” Martel was in this family, he defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours in 732 which kept the Muslims out of Europe.
Charles Martel’s Grandson
Established empire in France and Germany in 800
Restored some church-based education in Europe
Intellectual activity started to increase
Died 814
Empire split into three portions because of inheritance for his grandsons…split into the area of France, the area of Germany, and an area of northern Italy and Switzerland
Successors of Charlemagne were not Successful
Very chaotic, multiple languages. The catholic church used Latin, but German, French, and English also evolved.
Rulers that reigned over Germany and northern Italy
Strongest of the time, but still not very strong
Beginning of 10th century, claimed the title emperor
Relied too much on imperial claims and did not build up monarchy
Nobody listened to them
New Developments / By 900
New Agricultural Techniques: moldboard plow and three field system, also horse collar that didn’t choke animal
Monasteries- Promoted agricultural techniques
Viking Raids tapered off, because of stronger governments and they were converted to Christianity
Political Stability and improved agriculture promoted population growth form the 10th-13th centuries
Population growth=economic development
  • Markets Created
  • Northeastern Germany Colonized
  • France grew new economic centers.
  • Landlords loosened the bonds of serfdom to promote settling
Other countries brought new crops
Though not as big as china, it was a huge improvement for Europe
11th Century=Universities Created
Education began to be emphesized
Feudalism /
  1. Based around lords vassals and serfs
  2. Big land lords would be in charge of smaller land lords called vassals
  3. Usually 5-10 vassals per land lord
  4. Vassals would have several families/servants/serfs under them
  5. Feudalistic relationships would unite several land lords in times of need such as war
  6. These relationships could cover very large regions or even kingdoms
  7. Over time gradually reduced local fights
  8. Developed strong central states

Charlamange /
  1. Used a type of this feudalism to establish his kingdom.

Kings of France (The Capetian Royal Family) /
  1. Built his kingdom around Paris and controlled the land lords around the city.
  2. Gradually spread his control through marital alliances
  3. Experimented with bureaucracy
  4. This took sever centuries
  5. By the 14th century the Kings claimed that they could tax the church
  6. This caused great conflict.
King could mint money
England’s Feudal system /
  1. Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror)
  2. Invaded England 1066
  3. Bought loyalty from the English land lords with land
  4. Used sheriffs to make sure things went smoothly

Limited government /
  1. Control
  2. Pope controlled central Italy
  3. The west was controlled by land lords in a city-state manner
  4. The Church
  5. The power of the church limited the Monarchies power because they were supposed to be more powerful than the Monarchies
  6. Magna Carta
  7. Unpopular King John was trying to tax the aristocrats.
  8. They forced him to sign the magna carta
  9. Confirmed feudal rights against Monarchial claims
  10. Parliaments
  11. Represented priviledged groups
  12. 1265 First English parliament
  13. Claimed right to rule on any proposed changes in taxation
  14. Represented 3 key estates
  15. Church
  16. Nobles
  17. Urban Leaders

TheHundred Years war /
  1. Between France and England
  2. Over land controlled by England located in France.

Charlemagne brought hope to the empire but it did not last long after his death. Rulers fought for the throne and caused general chaos. However, with the bringing of new ideas and inventions, this trend was reversed and the economy developed and education grew.