Industrial Revolution Process Which Machines Replaced Hand Tools; Steam And
US History
Fort Burrows
Review Chapter 11 w/Vocabulary
Industrial Revolution – process which machines replaced hand tools; steam and
other new sources of power replaced human and animal power
spinning jenny - machine developed by James Hargreaves in 1764, that could spin
several threads at once
capital – money raised for a business venture
capitalist – person who invests in a business in order to make a profit
factory System – method of producing goods that brought workers and machinery
together in one place
interchangeable parts – identical, machined-made parts for a tool or instrument
Lowell girl – young woman who worked in the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts
during the Industrial Revolution
urbanization – process of a population shifting from farms to cities
entrepreneur – person who starts his or her own business
industry – the process of making products with machines in factories
immigrant – person who enters a new country to settle there
innovation – new way of making or doing things
flatboat - boat with a flat bottom used for transporting heavy loads on inland waterways
urnpike - road built by a private company that charges a toll to use it
Lancaster Turnpike - road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking
Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania
corduroy road - road made of logs
National Road - 1st federally funded national road project, begun in 1811
Clermont - steamboat built in 1807 by Robert Fulton; 1st steamboat to be
commercially successful in American waters
Erie Canal - artificial waterway opened in 1825 linking Lake Erie to the Hudson River
Era of Good Feelings - the eight years of James Monroe’s presidency, 1817 to
1825, when the democratic republicans dominated the nation’s politics
sectionalism - loyalty to a state or section rather to the whole country
American System - program for economic growth promoted by Henry Clay in the
early 1800s; called for high tariffs on imports and federal
funds to improve transportation
internal improvements - improvements to roads, bridges, and canals
McCulloch v. Maryland - 1819 Supreme Court case which ruled that states had
no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders
Gibbons v. Ogden - 1824 Supreme Court case which upheld the power of
the federal government to regulate interstate commerce
interstate commerce - trade between different states
advocate – person who argues for or supports a cause or policy
ambitious – having a desire to be successful
charter – to establish
dispute – an argument that often involves fighting for control of a thing or place
regulate – to make rules or laws that control something
stronghold – an area where the people have the same beliefs or values
creole – person born in Spain’s American colonies to Spanish parents
Republic of Great Colombia – independent state composed of the present-day
Nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama;
established in 1819 after the territory declared independence from Spain
United Provinces of Central America – federation of the present-day nations of
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica;
established in 1823 after these states declared independence from Spain
Negro Fort – settlement of escaped African American slaves in the Spanish colony of Florida
Adams- Onis Treaty – 1821 treaty between Spain and the US in which Spain
agreed to give Florida to the United States in exchange for $5 Million
Monroe Doctrine - President Monroe’s foreign policy statement warning
European nations not to interfere in Latin America
intervention – direct involvement
*** Describe the Bessemer Process: Sir Henry Bessemer’s process. The first inexpensive industrial processfor the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open-hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities, by supplying Oxygen to react with the impurities, from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.
- What factors most directly contributed to the increase of industrialization such as in Francis Cabot Lowell’s Textile Mills ?
1. Machine production
2. Large facilities
3. Effective management
4. Hired many workers
2. What kind of source are the words below ? primary source
“My work in the mills is very hard indeed and sometimes I think I shall not be able to endure it. I never worked so hard in my life but perhaps I shall get used to it. I shall try hard to do so for there is no other work that I can do unless I spin and that I shall not undertake on any account.”
–Mary Paul, Lowell, Massachusetts, November 5, 1848
3. Match the important events with the correct year that show the order of ‘economic development’ during the years 1804 – 1828…
1804, 1816, 1819, 1824, 1828
1804______– Size of minimum land purchase reduced to 160 acres by Land Act
1816______– Second Bank of the United States chartered by Congress
1819______– Beginning of Panic of 1819
1824______– American System developed by Henry Clay
1828______– Congress passes the “Tariff of Abominations”
4. Who invented the ‘cotton gin’ ? Eli Whitney
As a result of this invention, what became the leading Industry in the North ? Textiles
5. What had an important affect on US economic development and was an efficient method of
transporting goods ? Steamboat
6. Manufacturing in the United Stateswas converted from cottage industry to
factory productionbecause of …? the ability to produce goods more efficiently
7. The Monroe Doctrine declared that the US would remain neutral in European wars. Also … demanded that the European powers not establish colonies in the Western Hemisphere
8. List the effect from the War of 1812, during the Era of Good Feelings…
increased nationalism and patriotism in the US
9. The invention of interchangeableparts had what affect on industry in the US in the 1800s?
it made the production of goods faster and cheaper
10. The Industrial Revolution contributed to –
the combination of resources, improved transportation, and technological breakthroughs
11. How did Robert Fulton’s steamboat aid the economic development of the US ?
making transportation on rivers more efficient
12. Describe American cities during the early years of the Industrial Revolution…
1. growing more crowded
2. city dwellers amused themselves at theaters, museums, and circuses
3. cities were unhealthy places to live
13. What type of industry started the Industrial Revolution ? textile
14. List changes that were a result of the Industrial Revolution…
1. Goods were produced faster and more cheaply
2. The factory system spread
3. Machines were invented that replaced hand tools
15. Most workers in the early factories were… women and children working along with men
16. List 3 examples of an early road leading west…
1. Great Wagon Road
2. Wilderness Road
3. National Road
17. How didWestern farmers ship goods to New York City ? Erie Canal
18. Which invention improved travel by water in the early 1800s ? steamboat
19. What was the time period called during James Monroe’s Presidency ?
“Era of Good Feelings”
20. What one goal, regarding transportation, was proposed by Henry Clay’sAmerican System…?
To use money from the tariffs to build roads and canals
21. Jose de San Martin lead which country toward independence ? Argentina
22. Which document warned European nations to leave Latin America countries alone…?
Monroe Doctrine
23. What did factory owners need to finance their businesses ? capital
24. What was an unexpected result of Henry Clay’s American System ?
further growth of sectionalism
25. List the advantages about steamboat transportation…
steamboats allowed farmers to ships goods morequickly and cheaply
26. What depended largely on the development of the factory system for its success ?
Industrial Revolution
27. Why was Simon Bolivar known as “The Liberator” ?
he led successful independence movements in South America
28. How did Americans get their roads improved in the early 1800s ?
Congress approved funds to build the National Road
29. Explain why Lowell, Massachusetts, was called a model factory…
factory workers there lived in clean, decent housing
30. How did the US gain Florida from Spain ?
Adams-Onis Treat were the US bought Florida for $5 million
31. What did Congress do to help American industry after the War of 1812 ?
it established the second Bank of the US
32. What effect did sectionalism have on the Era of Good Feelings ?
it made national unity more difficult
33. Describe the interpretation of the Supreme Court decision in McCullough v. Maryland…
states have no power to control federal institutions within their borders
34. What led to the creation of the Monroe Doctrine ?
Americans feared that Spain would try to regain its colonies in Latin America
35. How did private companies finance turnpikes ?
they collected tolls from travelers
36. What agreement resulted in the US taking possession of Florida ?
the Adams-Onis Treaty bought Florida
37. Why did Henry Clay’s American System fail ?
Congress spent little money on improving roads, bridges, and canals
38. John C. Calhoun was a supporter of…
Slavery and the War of 1812
39. Describe the result of canals in the early 1800s…
allowed western farmers to ships goods directly to eastern cities
40. What was the reason President Monroe announced the Monroe Doctrine ?
to protect Latin American republics from European attacks
41. How did Congress protect American manufacturers after the War of 1812 ?
raised tariffs on imported goods
42. List what daily life was like in a factory in the early 1800s…
all employees, including children, worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week
43. What is the best interpretation of the Supreme Court decision in Gibbons v. Ogden ?
only the federal government has the power to regulate interstate commerce
44. Write the correct date and list in chronological order starting with the earliest date ? Date Chronological Order
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (FOC)1639
Magna Carta1215
Louisiana Purchase1803
Mayflower Compact1620
Declaration of Independence1776
2- 1215, 4-1620, 1- 1639, 5- 1776, 3- 1803
45. Write the correct date and list in chronological order starting with the earliest date ?
House of Burgesses (HOB)1619
US Constitution Created1787
Jamestown, Virginia1607
Battle of Yorktown1781
War of 18121812
3-1607 , 1- 1619, 4- 1781, 2- 1787, 5- 1812
46.How did the Industrial Revolution (IR) affect the forces of supply and demand ?
factories had to increase supply to keep up with the demand
47.List the benefits of the invention of the Spinning Jenny concerning the producing of textiles ?
- more women entered the job market
- it produced more thread at a lower per-thread cost
- increased profits and reduced production costs
48.Which British factory mechanic is given credit for memorizing plans to build a
US water-powered factory ? Samuel Slater
49.How did the technology of new farm machines contribute to urbanization in the North ?
- fewer rural employees were needed
- they sought employment in the urban areas
50.What changes did Lowell do tohis Waltham, Massachusetts textile mill compared to the British textile mills?
he put the machines that spun thread and the machines that wove cloth into one building
51.What is the big advantage of steam power over water power as to creating power for factories ?
steam power could be used in any location
52.Why could artisans command higher wages while other workers could not ?
1. they possessed special skills that factory owners needed
2. they could not be replaced as easy as the average factory worker
53.In what significant way did the War of 1812 affect American manufacturing ?
it caused the American industries to grow to meet the demand of America buyers
54.List main factors in early industrialization ?
1. increased tariffs
2. increased the need for immigrant workers
3. increase of investment money
55.Why did the people in the South and West oppose the Tariff of 1816 ?
raised prices for consumers in the South and West
56.What were the results of the Adams-Onis Treaty ?
the US gained the territory known as Florida
57.What was the main idea behind the creation of the Monroe Doctrine ?
to minimize European interference in the Americas
58.What was Thomas Jefferson’s position regarding the Federal
Government establishing a national bank ?
the US Constitution does not give the federal government the power toestablish a national bank
59.What major resource in America did the British want to control during the War of 1812 ?
the Mississippi River
1 of Review Chapter 11w/ Yellow Answers Oct 2016