Geol100, Harbor Section, Review Session, 2012P. 1
Geol100, Harbor Section, Review Session, 2012p. 1
- Minerals
- Modes of Formation – cooling, precipitation, metamorphosis
- Function of availability, ionic size, and charge
- Kinds of Minerals – Oxide Groups, Sed/Ig/Meta Environment
- Bowen’s reaction series & silica tetrahedra polymerization
- Physical properties & Chemical properties
- “naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline substance with a defined chem composition that is solid at normal surface temperatures”
- Rocks
- Igneous – Classification on Texture and Chemistry (UM – mafic –intermed. – felsic)
- volcanic textures (pyroclastic, obsidian, porphyry)
- magma production – heat, chemical change (subduction), pressure release
- magmatic differentiation – partial melting, fractional crystal., stoping (contamination)
- volcanic processes associated with plate tectonic boundaries (UM to felsic transition)
- ophiolite sequences (ocean floors)
- Igneous rock bodies (plutons, batholiths, dikes, veins
- Sedimentary
- Bio (coal, reef), Chem (evap, NaCl, CaCO3), Clastic (size & clast composition)
- Sorting and size indicate Env of Deposition
- Sedimentary structures; cross bedding , ripples, bioturbation, mudcracks
- bedding changes = environment change
- fossils as indicators of paleoenvironment (trace fossil types and invertebrates from poster in the back)
- sedimentation, diagenesis, lithification, compaction
- Metamorphic (>diagenesis, < partial melting)
- type of metamorphism (regional, burial, contact, hydrothermal)
- pressure and temperature regimes
- grade of metamorphism, indicator minerals
- foliation and rock cleavage (slatey cleavage)
- effect of changing protolith (shale vs basalt vs carbonate vs sandstone)
- Maps
- latitude and longitude
- UTM
- bearing and distance
- topographic contours (rules can’t cross, v in streams, steep = close)
- watershed outlines
- Geologic Time
- learn the geological time scale (as printed on the self-instruction lab)
- Eons, Eras, Period, Epochs
- numerical ages (isotopes and half-lives, paleomagnetism) vs relative ages
- cross cutting relations – faults, erosional contacts, intrusions, inclusions (xenoliths)
- Unconformities, 3 kinds
- Regressions and transgressions
- Plate Tectonics
- structure of the earth (chemical (crust, mantle, core) vs physical (lithosphere, asthenosphere)
- Three types of margins, rift, transform, convergent (wedges) + passive
- ? did we cover this? Driving Mechanisms (convection, slab pull, ridge push, slab rollback, gravity sliding)
- Rift to Drift, Passive Margins, active margins (arcs vscont-cont collisions)
- Sea floor spreading
- isostacy
- Wilson Cycles
- Geologic Structures
- Brittle vs Ductile behavior (function of material type, pressure, temperature and time)
- Fractures, joints,
- faults (dip-slip (normal, reverse or thrust) vs strike-slip, many oblique), hanging wall/footwall, detachments and ramps
- Folds – anticlines, synclines, axial planes, fold plunge directions, symmetry, overturning, vergence
- Appalachian folds from faults and fault bends
- Geologic maps – Geologic Rule of V’s (direction of dip), stratigraphic columns, fault patterns, plunging folds, asymmetry folds, unconformities
- Earthquakes
- frequency and magnitude relation
- release of elastic strain
- location
- types of earthquake waves
- Physiographic Provinces and Topography
- Coastal plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateau
- resistant rocks and linear ridges (short hills syncline, hogbacks, north mountain monocline, brushy mtn anticline, Anthony knobs syncline)
- Mass Wasting
- debris flows and block/rock slides (or the types we saw/talked about)
- enhanced by weathering, freeze/thaw, earthquakes, large rainfalls (buoyancy)
- angle of repose, function of size of material
- Rivers
- runoff (floods, effect of urbanization/development/agriculture)
- energy loss is primary function, turbulence, pattern, bed shape
- flow power (function of slope and water depth) – sediment loads (dissolved, suspended, bed), erosion by impact and scour
- meandering (erosion outside of bend, floodplains, pools and riffles, abandoned meanders-oxbows) and braiding channel patterns
- floodplains and alluvial fans
- flood frequency and flood control
- Groundwater and cave
- water table
- shape of cave depends on position relative to water table
- springs
- sinkholes/groundwater infiltration
- Landscape evolution
- erosion of anticlines and synclines
- superimposed streams
- Blue Ridge gap (did I ever answer that question? no)