Frontier Wars Organizer (Pre-AP)
Frontier Wars Organizer (Pre-AP)
Unit 9 (Chapter 17)
American Indians (Tribe) / Brief Description- Kiowas
+ shared land w/ Comanches;
+ excellent hunters and warriors, master scouts & trackers;
+ nomadic people who depended on the buffalo to survive;
- Comanches
+ very skilled horsemen;
+ excelled at two things: hunting and war;
+ allies with the Kiowas who shared Comancherias
- Apaches
(lived in West Texas mountains/New Mexico);
+ fought with Comanches over hunting grounds in Central TX;
+ known for stealing horses;
Strengths / Weaknesses
U.S.
Soldiers /
- - Federal troops were posted throughout towns in central and west Texas to help prevent Native American raids
- Untrained
- Little experience fighting
Native Americans
-Forts built too far apart
-Shortage of supplies
American
Indians /
- - Knew their territory
-Rushed upon settlers while they reloaded their muzzle-loading rifles /
- - Bows and arrows were no match for Samuel Colt’s six-shot pistol used by federal soldiers and Texas Rangers
Treaty of
Medicine Lodge Creek / U. S. Government / American Indians
Date of Treaty: /
- 1867
Participants Involved in Treaty: /
- Federal agents representing the U.S. government
- Chiefs of several Native American nations
Terms of the Treaty: / 11. Agreed to:
- Government would provide food and supplies
- Army would not be allowed on the reservations
- Native Americans would live on reservations in Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
- Native Americans would stop making raids on Anglo American settlements
Results of the Treaty: / 13.
* The Quakers peaceful policies were questioned in 1871
* Upon Sherman’s advice, the federal government sent expeditions to northwest Texas to locate and destroy Native American camps / 14.
* Many leaders did not sign the treaty
* Others claimed the government broke its promise
* Some agents for Indian territory cheated them and treated them badly
* Many refused to move to reservations
American
Indian
Leader/Chief / American
Indian
Tribe / Reason he refused to live on the reservation…
15.Satanta / 16.Kiowa / Insisted that West Texas belonged to the KiowasComanches; known as the “Orator of the Plains.” Believed his people could not survive very long on reservations; believed Anglos never lived up to their promises made to Indians.
Lone Wolf / 17.Kiowa / 18.Called for war against the Anglos to avenge the death of his son who was killed by Anglos soldiers in battle.
19.Ten Bears / Comanche / Believed his people must be allowed to roam freely on the plains; did not want war to come to the plains and wanted peace with people who passed through the lands across the plains.
Quanah
Parker / 20.Comanche / 21.He grew up as a member of a roving band of Comanches who followed the buffalo and was not ready to give up the lifestyle that he grew up knowing.
Battle / Outcome of Battle
22.
Warren Wagon Train Raid at Salt Creek / Several Anglos wounded or killed in May, 1871 when wagon train was attacked.
Satanta, Big Tree, Satank were arrested. The peace policy was abandoned.
The U.S. decided to force American Indians onto reservations. Expeditions were sent to locate and destroy Indian camps.
23.
Adobe Walls / 28 Buffalo hunters and 1 woman held off Quanah Parker’s force from 5 Indian groups in June, 1874. The Plains Indians became frustrated and increased their attacks on settlements. Some Indians left the reservations to join the fighting.
190 Anglos were killed in the next 2 months. U.S. Army was put in charge of reservations.
24.
Palo Duro Canyon / September 28, 1874: the most decisive battle of the Red River Campaign.
U.S. troops capture many supplies and 1424 horses and mules. 1000 horses killed to prevent Indians from using them. Most of the American Indian groups surrendered and accepted life on the reservations.
Quanah Parker and Kwahadies band surrendered in June, 1875 – they were the last ones.
Event / Purpose
Early Texas Campaign / 25.To locate and destroy Native Americans on the South Plains and the Rio Grande. Led by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie and the Fourth Cavalry.
Anglo
Buffalo Hunts / 26.To develop a market for buffalo hides in the manufacture of leather goods and slaughtering buffalo as a means of defeating the Plains culture and forcing them onto reservations.
27.Red River Campaign / To destroy the American Indian camps and to force the Indians to give up their fight against the U.S. Army and to accept life on the reservations.
Group / Effects of Frontier Wars
28.Native Americans / They were removed from their lands and forced onto reservations in the Indian Territory. They would never roam freely again; Anglo settlers took over their hunting grounds.
War, disease, and starvation killed many Indians from the 1870s-1890s. Many Indians were encouraged to accept Anglo ways and adopt a more “American” lifestyle.
29.Anglo Americans / They took over lands in West Texas after the removal of the American Indians. They also began to dominate much of South Texas. It was a time of great growth and expansion.
30.Mexican Americans / Many were victims of violence, especially in the Rio Grande Valley. Although some were outlaws, law enforcement groups punished many innocent citizens. It was a time of bitterness for many of these people, including American Indians.