Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation

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Environment: The Science Behind the Stories, 3e (Withgott)

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Chapter 19

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Fossil Fuels, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation

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19.1

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Graph and Figure Interpretation Questions

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Use Figure 19.1 to answer the following questions.

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1)

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Of the five countries shown, which ones have essentially no domestic oil production?

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A)

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Japan and the United States

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B)

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Iran and Saudi Arabia

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C)

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The United States and France

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D)

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Japan and France

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E)

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France and the United States

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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2)

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The country with the greatest differential between domestic production and total consumption is ______.

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A)

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Japan

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B)

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France

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C)

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The United States

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D)

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Iran

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E)

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Saudi Arabia

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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3)

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The country with the largest amount of domestic oil available for sale on the international market is ______.

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A)

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Japan

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B)

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France

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C)

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The United States

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D)

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Iran

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E)

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Saudi Arabia

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Answer:

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E

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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19.2

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Matching Questions

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Match the following.

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1)

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An environment that has little or no oxygen

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A)

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mulch

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Diff: 1

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B)

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anaerobic

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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C)

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peat

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2)

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Organic matter compressed under high pressure to form solid carbon structures

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D)

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coal

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E)

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nuclear

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Diff: 1

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F)

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geothermal

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Objective:

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19.2 Nature, origin of coal: extraction and use

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G)

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crude oil

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3)

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A gaseous by‑product of microbial decomposition

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H)

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petroleum

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Diff: 1

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I)

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natural gas

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Objective:

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19.4 Nature, origin of natural gas: extraction and use

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J)

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carbon dioxide

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4)

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Organic material being broken down anaerobically, but remains wet and near the surface

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K)

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hydrogen fuel cell

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L)

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aerobic

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.2 Nature, origin of coal: extraction and use

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5)

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Energy from processed uranium

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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6)

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A renewable resource

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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1)

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B

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2)

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D

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3)

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I

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4)

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C

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5)

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E

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6)

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F

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19.3

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Short Answer Questions

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1)

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Why has the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) been a subject of debate?

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Answer:

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ANWR has been the focus of debate for decades. Advocates of oil drilling have tried to open its lands for development, while proponents of wilderness preservation have fought for its preservation. For some U.S. citizens, Alaska's North Slope is one of the last great expanses of wilderness; and for Alaska's indigenous peoples the area is both a necessity for hunting and also the basis of their religion and spirituality. For millions of others, this land represents a source of petroleum, the natural resource that fuels our society and shapes our way of life. Those who advocate drilling for oil in this region accuse wilderness preservationists of neglecting the country's economic interests, while advocates for wilderness argue that drilling will sacrifice the nation's natural heritage for little gain, considering the wastefulness of U.S. technology, especially transportation.

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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2)

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What are the three main sources of energy that Earth receives?

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Answer:

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All energy comes to Earth from three sources. The majority comes in the form of radiation from the sun. A great deal of energy also emanates from Earth's core, enabling us to harness geothermal power. A much smaller amount of energy results from the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, and we are just beginning to harness power from the ocean tides that these forces generate.

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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3)

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Why did humans switch from using wood as a primary energy source to using fossil fuels?

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Answer:

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Fossil fuels are much higher in energy content than wood, which makes them more efficient to burn, ship, and store.

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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4)

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Discuss the general worldwide pattern of distribution of fossil fuels.

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Answer:

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Fossil fuel deposits are localized and unevenly distributed over Earth's surface, so some regions have substantial reserves of fossil fuels, such as the Middle East, while others like Japan/ have very few.

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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5)

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Describe the differences in how fuel energy is used in developing and developed countries.

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Answer:

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Developing nations devote a greater proportion of energy to subsistence activities such as food preparation, home heating, and food growing, whereas industrialized countries use a greater proportion for transportation and industry.

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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6)

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What are some of the alternative, unconventional resources for oil and natural gas?

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Answer:

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Both oil shale and tar sands are potential major and largely untapped resources for petroleum, and marine deposits of methane hydrate may have large supplies of natural gas. Oil shale and tar sands have not been cost effective until present but may become more so as conventional supplies are depleted. The technology for safely extracting methane hydrate have yet to be developed. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and accidental release of large quantities might significantly increase global climate change.

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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7)

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The amount of a given fossil fuel in a deposit that is technologically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions is termed the ______of that fuel.

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Answer:

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proven recoverable reserve

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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8)

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Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 disrupted U.S.oil supplies because of the importance of ______to our total supply.

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Answer:

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offshore oil drilling/onshore refining

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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9)

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As much as two‑thirds of a total oil deposit may remain in the ground after its ______, the initial drilling and pumping of the available oil.

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Answer:

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primary extraction

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.3 Nature, origin of petroleum: extraction, use, depletion

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19.4

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Multiple-Choice Questions

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1)

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The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ______.

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A)

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biodiesel

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B)

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coal

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C)

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oil

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D)

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natural gas

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E)

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methane

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.2 Nature, origin of coal: extraction and use

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2)

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Before mining techniques improved in the 1700s, the resource that provided the greatest amount of energy for heating and cooking was ______.

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A)

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dung

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B)

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wood

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C)

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coal

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D)

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oil

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E)

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water

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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3)

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The debate over oil exploration, drilling, and extraction in ANWR has occurred, in part, because ______.

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A)

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the Gwich'in, one of the native Alaskan groups, depend on hunting caribou and fear that oil‑industry activity will reduce caribou herds

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B)

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the Gwich'in, one of the native Alaskan groups, see oil extraction as one of the few opportunities for economic development in the area

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C)

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many environmental scientists anticipate little impact on the environment

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D)

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oil company scientists admit that drilling operations in ANWR would damage vegetation and wildlife to a significant extent

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E)

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the Inupiat, one of the native Alaskan groups, depend on hunting caribou and fear that oil‑industry activity will reduce caribou herds

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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4)

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Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable?

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A)

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fossil fuel energy

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B)

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sunlight (solar) energy

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C)

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geothermal energy

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D)

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tidal energy

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E)

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wind energy

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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5)

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Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including ______.

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A)

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wind energy

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B)

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tidal energy

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C)

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geothermal energy

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D)

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hydrothermal energy

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E)

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nuclear energy

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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6)

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For the United States, the primary fuel that we use for our energy is ______.

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A)

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wood

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B)

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natural gas

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C)

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coal

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D)

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oil

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E)

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nuclear

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Answer:

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D

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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7)

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Scientists search for fossil fuels in many ways. Sending a sound wave into the ground (by exploding dynamite, thumping the ground with a large weight, or using an electric vibrating machine) and measuring its return to the surface at receiving stations is called ______.

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A)

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dynamite surveying

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B)

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destructive surveying

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C)

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seismic surveying

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D)

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sonar surveying

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E)

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geologic surveying

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.1 Energy sources that we use

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8)

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The entire pool of oil is not extracted from a well because ______.

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A)

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it is too destructive to the environment

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B)

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it is not cost‑effective

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C)

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in some areas it is too liquid to extract

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D)

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only a strip mine could fully extract it

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E)

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this is not correct; we often are able to extract the entire pool

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.3 Nature, origin of petroleum: extraction, use, depletion

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9)

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In deciding whether to extract oil from a site and how much of the total to extract, an oil company considers ______.

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A)

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the distance the oil must be transported, current market price of oil, potential environmental damage

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B)

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the amount of greenhouse gases the oil will release when burned

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C)

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the current price of gasoline at the pump

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D)

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which nation will make the largest purchases

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E)

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the fraction of the oil that will go to fuels, plastics, synthetic fibers and lubricants

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.3 Nature, origin of petroleum: extraction, use, depletion

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10)

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Secondary extraction of petroleum ______.

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A)

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occurs immediately after primary extraction

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B)

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is less expensive than primary extraction

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C)

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uses solvents, water, or steam

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D)

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allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop

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E)

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causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.3 Nature, origin of petroleum: extraction, use, depletion

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11)

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Coal continues to be the main fuel used to generate electricity in the United States. This is partially because ______.

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A)

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the country has such large reserves of coal

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B)

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the quality of coal in the United States is very consistent from deposit to deposit

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C)

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coal causes almost no air pollution when burned

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D)

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coal deposits in the United States lie very close to the surface and are easily extracted

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E)

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coal contains very few impurities, such as sulfur, which cause problems in petroleum and natural gas

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.2 Nature, origin of coal: extraction and use

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12)

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Crude oil is ______.

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A)

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composed of just a few types of hydrocarbon molecules

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B)

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usable in its raw form

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C)

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formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed

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D)

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formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances

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E)

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fractionated to obtain the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics and other products

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Answer:

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E

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.3 Nature, origin of petroleum: extraction, use, depletion

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13)

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Natural gas

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A)

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primary component is octane

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B)

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produces less greenhouse gases per energy unit than coal

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C)

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discovered by Bunsen in 1885

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D)

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will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates

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E)

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is transported primarily by truck and rail

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.4 Nature, origin of natural gas: extraction and use

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14)

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Deposits of natural gas are most numerous in ______.

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A)

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the Middle East

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B)

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Russia and the United States

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C)

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South America

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D)

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Panama

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E)

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Spain and Portugal

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.4 Nature, origin of natural gas: extraction and use

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15)

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Natural gas is ______.

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A)

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trapped over some cities for commercial use

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B)

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only produced by bacteria during decomposition

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C)

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more damaging to the environment than coal

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D)

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still much more expensive than other fossil fuels

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E)

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often associated with coal and petroleum deposits

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Answer:

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E

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.4 Nature, origin of natural gas: extraction and use

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16)

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One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ______.

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A)

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it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere

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B)

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those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries

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C)

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international companies move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country

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D)

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their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations

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E)

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their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 3

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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17)

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Of the available policy options regarding eventual conversion to renewable energy sources, environmentalists would probably prefer that ______.

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A)

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we pass laws immediately banning the use of fossil fuels

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B)

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we pass laws immediately banning the exploration and development of further fossil fuel resources

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C)

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we encourage, with subsidies, tax rebates, and grants, the rapid development and widespread use of renewable alternative energy resources

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D)

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we prepare for a gradual changeover by slowly increasing funding and putting alternative energy resources into place over the next 100 years

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E)

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we plan for the switch to renewable energy sources, but not implement any plans until all fossil fuels have been depleted

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 3

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Objective:

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19.7 Strategies for conserving energy

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18)

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The greatest damage to the environment caused by oil extraction is from ______.

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A)

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the drilling

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B)

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road construction and infrastructure development

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C)

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the development of the market in a new country

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D)

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the remediation and relocation

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E)

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the initial logging

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.5 Environmental impacts of fossil fuel use

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19)

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Alaskans benefit from the trans‑Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ______.

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A)

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is placed into fuel company pockets to reduce environmental damage

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B)

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pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships

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C)

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pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents

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D)

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is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices

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E)

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is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools

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Answer:

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C

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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20)

1

Energy conservation in the United States ______.

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A)

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became a national policy in the 1970s following the OPEC embargo and continues today

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B)

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is not important to most citizens and is not supported by federal guidelines

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C)

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has not been important until recently, but new government funding of alternative energy sources is now spurring research and development

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D)

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has been driven by congressional action in the past 5 years; Congress has passed measures encouraging conservation, including increased fuel efficiency in cars

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E)

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has lagged as we wait for technology to improve, so that more efficient vehicles are possible

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Answer:

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B

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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21)

1

Energy conservation in the United States ______.

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A)

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can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws

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B)

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is unlikely to ever occur

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C)

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can be accomplished by changes in tax laws

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D)

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will be a reality only if there is another major war

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E)

1

can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

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Answer:

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E

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.7 Strategies for conserving energy

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22)

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Energy can be conserved by

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A)

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cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, reengineered appliances

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B)

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cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs

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C)

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replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs

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D)

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replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks

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E)

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repealing the Law of Entropy

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Answer:

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A

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Diff: 1

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Objective:

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19.7 Strategies for conserving energy

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23)

1

The energy bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2005 ______.

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A)

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primarily focused on major new policies for conservation and for development of renewable energy sources

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B)

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primarily focused on taxing polluters and those who profit from the fossil fuel industry

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C)

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will, according to analysts, help change our country's energy policies over the next 10 years

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D)

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should encourage the rapid development of the remaining fossil fuel resources

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E)

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included very little that will help to change our dependence on fossil fuels

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Answer:

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E

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

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19.7 Strategies for conserving energy

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24)

1

Many developed nations have their economies closely tied to imported fossil fuels. One important consideration is that ______.

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A)

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the economy can be disrupted by the decisions made in fuel exporting nations

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B)

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the economy will only improve if the price of fossil fuels increases

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C)

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as supplies increase, fossil fuels decline in price

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D)

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if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will decrease

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E)

1

if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will increase

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Answer:

1

A

1

Diff: 3

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Objective:

1

19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

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25)

1

When we burn fossil fuels, ______.

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A)

1

we liberate carbon back into the carbon cycle, increasing the amount available for plant growth

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B)

1

the resulting carbonic acid leads to acid rain

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C)

1

the greatest environmental impact is the impact on the ozone layer

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D)

1

the greatest environmental impact is increased greenhouse gases

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E)

1

the greatest environmental impact is the local damage from extraction

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Answer:

1

D

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

1

19.5 Environmental impacts of fossil fuel use

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26)

1

The average miles per gallon rating of U.S. vehicles has ______.

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A)

1

doubled in the past two decades

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B)

1

slightly decreased in the past two decades

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C)

1

now matched the 45 mpg rating mandated by the European union

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D)

1

been the target of several bills now pending in Congress

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E)

1

doubled since the 2004 election

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Answer:

1

B

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Diff: 2

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Objective:

1

19.7 Strategies for conserving energy

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27)

1

Organizations like OPEC have formed ______.

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A)

1

in order to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil

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B)

1

to develop technologies to conserve non-renewable energy resources

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C)

1

to protect their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use

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D)

1

as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves

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E)

1

to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels

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Answer:

1

A

1

Diff: 2

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Objective:

1

19.6 Political, social, economic impacts of fossil fuel use

1

28)

1

U.S. oil production ______.

1

A)

1

is continuing to increase as demand decreases