BI 233: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Final Exam Study Guide
Spring, 2013
The following is an approximate breakdown of the number of questions pertaining to each topic:
Blood vessels and fetal circulation....8
Immunity....9
Respiratory System....17
Urinary System....15
Fluid and Electrolytes....12
Digestive system....17
Metabolism....9
Reproductive....10
The following is a list of some of the areas that you should be sure to study and questions that you should try and answer as you prepare for the final. Remember that this list is not all inclusive. Many more questions on various topics will be asked.
Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
1.The umbilical cord is composed of what blood vessels?
2.Know what each of the following blood vessels supplies: pulmonary, coronary, renal, iliac and hepatic.
3.In fetal circulation, what blood vessels have the highest level of oxygen?
4.In circulating thru the shortest path from the capillaries of the left arm, through the liver, and to the left toe how many times would a drop of blood pass through the right ventricle?
5.Know the various circuits of the circulatory system.
6.Know which arteries branch directly from the aortic arch.
7.Be able to explain about atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.
8.Be able to explain the causes of hypovolemic shock.
Immunity
1.Know all about active and passive immunity similarities and differences.
2.Know when you are immune to a disease.
3.Know the function of memory cells and know when they are produced.
4.Know what anaphylactic shock is and know when someone goes into it.
5.Know where B-lymphocytes are made and what they do.
6.Understand what an autoimmune disease is.
7.Be able to explain what an antibody is and how it is different from an antigen.
8.Know the differences between viruses and bacteria.
9. Study all about antigens and antibodies.
Respiratory System
1.Define apnea and dyspnea.
2.Know how most of the carbon dioxide and oxygen is carried in the plasma.
3.Know about the concerns for patient with chronic C02 retention, what might cause this?
4.Know factors that affect the diffusion of gases.
- Know the effect that low arterial pCO2 has on respiration rate.
- Know some possible causes of elevated pCO2..
7.Study the respiratory terms on Laboratory Handouts page 15 of your study guide.
8. Be able to explain the differences between internal and external respiration.
9. Be able to describe the membrane that covers the lungs and its functions.
10. Know the various lobes of the lungs and in which one if an object most likely to lodge.
Urinary System
1.Be able to explain the roles of ADH and aldosterone.
2.Be able to explain the job of the proximal convoluted tubule.
3.Be able to explain how tubular maximum works.
4.Know all about diuretics.
5.Be able to explain what the Loop of Henle is responsible for.
6.Be able to explain how the JGA regulates blood pressure.
7.Be able to explain what substances get secreted by the kidneys.
8.Be able to explain how albuminuria could occur and know where albumin is produced.
9.Be able to explain each of the following: nehpritis, cystitis, cystic fibrosis and glomerulonephritis.
10.Know all the functions of the urinary system.
11.Be able to explain how renal failure could affect the electrolyte values in your blood.
12.Be able to explain factors that could increase or decrease urine output.
Fluid and Electrolytes
1.Know causes, signs and symptoms of hypernatremia and hyponatremia.
2.Know causes, signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis.
3.Why can burns result in edema?
4.In acidosis how do the cells try to help and what is the end result?
5.Know how the kidneys compensate when pCO2 goes up.
6.Know the function of albumin.
7.In general know how buffer systems work.
8.Be able to evaluate someone’s blood gas values.
9.Be able to explain the various causes of edema.
10. Know about fluid shifts and what might cause them.
Digestive
1.Know the layers of the GI tract from outside to inside.
2.Where do peptic ulcers form?
3.In what part of the GI tract does most of the absorption occur?
4.Know the function and location of the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter.
5.Know the general anatomy of the GI tract.
- Know the functions of the liver.
7.Know the function of parietal cells.
8.Know how hepatitis A, B and C are spread (lab).
9.Know the function(s) of gastrin.
10.Know the function(s) of CCK
11.Know the enzymes produced by the various organs and their functions.
12.Know the location and function of the greater and lesser omentia.
13.Know the function of the pancreas.
14.Know what the appendix is connected to.
15.Know about diverticulitis (lab).
Metabolism
1.Refer to the chart detailing glucose metabolism provided in class.
Reproduction
1.Know what the interstitial cells of the testes do.
2.Know the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
3.Know what triggers menstruation, know the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle.
4.Know where eggs are normally fertilized in humans.
5.Know the layers of the uterus and their function.
- Know the number of chromosomes in a human cell.
7.Know why the testis is in the scrotum.
8.Know which chromosome Down’s syndrome involves.
9.Know when HCG (human chorionic gondadotropin) is produced.
10.Know what triggers ovulation and which hormones are involved.
11. Know where fertilization usually occurs.
12. Review Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndrome.