Chapter 14.4 Reformation Ideas Spread

Objective

Discuss why did England form a new Church?

The English Reformers:

  • John Wycliffe called for Church reform by 1300s.
  • 1520, English clergy toying with Protestants.
  • The final break with Catholic Church with King Henry VIII for political reasons.
  • Henry wasted to end papal control over the English church.

Seeking an annulment:

  • Hendry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt.
  • The pope awarded him with title “Defender of the Faith.”
  • In 1527, Hendry’s has a problem with Catholic Church.
  • Hendry and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, had a daughter Mary Tudor.
  • Hendry felt that England’s stability depended on him having a male heir to succeed.
  • He decided to remarry, hoping that his new wife would have a son.
  • The Catholic Church law does not permit divorce, he asked the pope to annul, or cancel or cancel his marriage to Catherine.

Break with Rome:

  • Popes had freed rulers from marriage before.
  • The current pope did not want to offend the powerful Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Catherine of Aragon’s nephew.
  • He therefore refused Hendry’s request and he was furious.
  • Hendry learned towards the new Protestant teaching, he decided on a course action.
  • Acting through Parliament, Hendry had a serious of laws passed.
  • They took the English Church from the pope’s control and placed under Hendry’s rule.
  • The Act of Supremacy passed in 1534, made Hendry “the only supreme head of Earth of the Church of England.”
  • Hendry appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop.
  • Cranmer annulled the King’s marriage to Catherine.
  • Hendry then wed Anne Boleyn, Catherine’s lady-in- waiting.
  • Anne bore him a second daughter, Elizabeth.
  • Hendry married four more times but had only one son, Edward.

The Church of England:

  • 1536-1540, Hendry shut down all Catholic coverts and monasteries in England and seize their lands.
  • This move brought new wealth to the royal exchequer.
  • Hendry offered aristocracy to share in the gains for support for the Anglican Church of England.
  • Hendry was the head of the Anglican Church, the English Bible, but kept the Catholic form of worship.
  • When Edward died in his teens, his half-sister Mary Tudor inherent the throne.
  • Mary was determined to make England Catholic again.
  • She failed, but not before hundred of Protestants had died at the stake.
  • After her death, her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth I, became queen.
  • Under her skilful rule, unity was restored and England became firmly established as a Protestant land.

Elizabeth I Restores Unity to England:

A policy of religious compromise:

  • Elizabeth adopted a policy o religious compromised.
  • She moved cautiously with both the Catholics and Protestants before it could accept.
  • Under Elizabeth, English replaced Latin as the language of the Anglican Church service.
  • The Book of Common Prayers was revised to make it more acceptable to Catholics.
  • Ceremony of Catholic ritual, including the robes of the clergy, was retained.
  • The Catholic hierarchy of bishops and archbishops was kept, but Elizabeth reaffirmed that the monarch was head of the Anglican Church.

Catholic Reformation:

  • Protestant Reformation swept across northern Europe, a vigorous reform movement took hold within the Catholic Church.
  • Under Pope Paul III, 1530-1540, he set out to revive the moral authority of the Church.
  • To end corruption within the papal itself, reformers to key posts.

Council of Trent:

  • To deal with the Protestants threat more directly, Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition.
  • The Inquisition was a Church court to root out heresies during the Middle Ages.
  • It also prepared the Index of Forbidden Books, a list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read.
  • Including on the Index were the books by Luther and Calvin.

Ignatius of Loyola:

  • In 1540, the pope recognized a new order, Jesuits.
  • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuit order to combat heresy and spread the Catholic Church.