Review
( This is a review that covers most of the information you need to
understand and apply for the six weeks test.)
Circulatory System
Function: To transport materials such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, through out your body.
Structure:Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
Facts about the heart:
1. The heart is made of cardiac muscles.
2. The heart carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood away from the lungs to the body.
3. The heart has 2 sides (left and right) each side has an upper chamber (atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle)
4.The circulatory System is connected to all other systems in the body.
Humans have a four-chambered heart. Each chamber is a little pump, and blood is pumped through arteries, and veins. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body. White blood cells provide protection. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Path of blood through he heart:
Oxygen-poor blood in the body goes to the right atrium right ventricle goes to the lungs to receive oxygen oxygen-rich blood goes to the heart to the left atrium left ventricle pumped to the rest of the body
Types of Blood Vessels
Veins: carry blood towards the heart (the blood is oxygen poor except for the blood in the Pulmonary vein)
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (the blood is oxygen rich except for the blood in the Pulmonary Artery).
Capillaries: very tiny blood vessels. Valuable nutrients are exchanged between the capillaries and your cells.
Blood– is a tissue made up of cells and cell parts that are carried in a liquid (plasma).
Functions of blood:
- Oxygen is carried to all parts of your body and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled.
- Waste products from your cells are taken to your kidneys to be removed.
- Nutrients are taken to the cells.
- Fight infection.
Parts of Blood
Plasma- the liquid part of blood that makes up over half the volume of blood. Plasma carries nutrients, waste products, oxygen and minerals to the body cells.
Red blood cells–do not have a nuclei but contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a molecule that carries carbon dioxide and oxygen. Function: Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells.
White blood cells – Help fight disease and have a nuclei,Function: fight infections by leaving the blood through the capillary walls and going to the tissue that has be damaged.
Platelets- irregular shape cell fragments.Function: helps stop bleeding by plugging holes in small blood vessels.
Respiratory System
Function: To bring O2 to into the body and cells and remove CO2 from the body and cells.
Steps:1. Oxygen is supplied to the body (Breathing)
2. Oxygen goes from the lung to the circulatory system (blood)
3 Blood takes oxygen to the cells
4. Oxygen is delivered to the cell
5. Carbon dioxide ( waste product) put back into the blood
6. Blood takes waste products back to the lungs to be exhaled
Structures of the Respiratory System:
Nasal Cavity -Air enters the body through the nostrils (your nose) most of the time.
It is lined with a ciliated mucus membrane which filters, warms, and
moistens the air.
Pharynx -Where the oral cavity (your mouth) and the nasal cavity (your nose) meet.
When you breathe through your mouth, air enters the pharynx.
Trachea -The main airway in the human respiratory system. It contains rings of a
tough tissue (cartilage) which keep the trachea open.
Larynx - Also known as the voice box. It is made of cartilage and is located at the
upper end of the trachea. When air passes over it, it vibrates
Epiglottis - A flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you swallow so food
doesn't enter
Bronchi -Two tubes that branch off the trachea. The bronchi are ringed with
cartilage. Each bronchus extends to the lungs where the tubes become
smaller.
Alveoli-Oxygen leaves the alveoli, enters the red blood cells and is returned to the heart to be
pumped to all your body cells. Carbon dioxide is exhaled when you breathe out. The lungs are made of about 300 million of these tiny air sacs. When you breathe in air fills the alveoli.
Breathing and Air Pressure
When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and expands the chest cavity. This lowers
the pressure in the chest cavity below the outside air pressure and causes air to flow in
through the airways. The air goes from high pressure (outside of the body) to low
pressure (empty lungs) and inflates the lungs.When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the
chest cavity gets smaller. The decrease in volume of the cavity increases the pressure in the chest cavity above the outside air pressure. Air from the lungs (high pressure) then flows out of the airways to the outside air (low pressure). The cycle then repeats with each breath.
Muscular System
Function: For movement of the body
Muscle Movement - Involuntary- Automatically move without you knowing. Voluntary- Brain sends message to muscle. You control the movements.
Types of Muscles - Smooth Muscles- include the muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. These muscles move involuntary. Cardiac Muscle- Found only in the heart and also involuntary. Skeletal Muscles- Are voluntary and help you move.
Smooth Muscle: Found along the Digestive organs and blood vessels, Makes up 7-8% of your muscles and are Involuntary
Cardiac Muscles: Only found in the heart and are involuntary. Makes up 3% of your muscles.
Skeletal Muscles: Makes up 90% of your muscles and are voluntary- (These are the muscles that you can move.)
Muscles and Movement: Muscles can only contract and relax. For movement muscle fibers line up and pull the tendon attached to the bone.
Systems Working Together
- Our brain sends a message.
- The message travels down your spinal cord
- The motor neuron fires a message
- The muscle contracts.
- The muscle shortens pulling on the tendon
- The bone connected to the tendon moves
Skeletal System
Structures:
bone
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
Functions:
1. Gives Shape and support to the body
2. Protect your internal organs
3. Major muscles attach to bones to help you move
4. Blood cells are formed in the bone. (The tissue called marrow)
5. Store calcium and phosphorous compounds (calcium and phosphorous compounds make bones hard)
Bone structure:
Periosteum : thin tough layer that covers all the bones, except the part of the bone that is in the joint. Blood vessels in the pariosteum carry the nutrients to the bone and cell that repair and cause growth are here.
Compact bones: right under the periostreum this layer is the hard strong part. This layer gives bones strength contains deposits of calcium phosphate.
Spongy Bones: is locate at the end of the long bones like those in your arms and legs. This part of the bone has lots of open spaces which keeps the bones light weight.
Cavities: are the center of the long bones and contain the marrow
Marrow: some marrow is red some yellow. Red marrow produced red blood (2 to 3 million per second) cells, yellow marrow is made up of fat.
Cartilage: covers the end of the bones. It is flexible and acts like a shock absorber.
Tendon – connect muscle to bone
Ligament – connect bone to bone
Cartilage- covers the bones to allow smooth movement, also found in other places. It is flexible and acts like a shock absorber.
Joints of the Human Body
A joint is any place where two or more bones come together. Some joints move and others do not.
Types of Joints
Immovable – skull, pelvis
Moveable- pivot, ball & socket, hinge, gliding
Immovable
No movement takes place at these types of joints.
Ball and Socket - Bone with a round end that fits into a cuplike cavity
on another bone
Gliding - One part of a bone slides over another bone.
Pivot -One bone rotates in a ring of another bone that does not move.
Hinge Joint - Back-and-forth movement like hinges on a door
Digestive System
Digestion involves: Digestion is both physical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes) . The digestive system is where the body gets its nutrients. Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules so that they can pass through wall (membrane) of the digestive system. Materials can pass through this wall/ membrane, much like air can pass through a screen on a window but insects cannot.
Mouth: Mechanical digestion - Teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow. Chemical digestion – saliva
Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube. It takes food from the throat and pushes it down through the neck, and into the stomach. It moves food by waves of muscle contraction called peristalsis.
Stomach:The stomach has thick muscles in its wall. This contract to mash the food into a water soup called chyme. The stomach lining produces strong digestive juices. (chemical digestion)
Small Intestine: The nutrients are broken down small enough to pass through the lining of the small intestine, and into the blood. Nutrients are carried away to the liver and other body parts to be processed, stored and distributed.
Large Intestine:Water is absorbed.The remains are formed into brown, semi-solid feces, ready to be removed from the body.
Rectum:Rectum’s job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
Anus: It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that control of movement of stool.
Organs of the Endocrine system that help with digestion:
Liver:It stores some nutrients, and releases them into the blood according to the activities and needs of the body (helps the body maintain homeostasis)
Gall Bladder:Bile (enzyme) flows from the gall bladder along the bile duct into the intestine to aid in chemical digestion.
Pancreas:Makes digestive juices called enzymes which help to digest food.
Reproductive System
Reproductive System: The system responsible for reproducing offspring.
Ovaries: the organs in the female that produce the ovum (egg cell) and hormones related to sexual development and reproduction.
Testicle: the male gland that releases sperm and hormones that regulate sexual development and reproduction.
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Excretory System
The excretory system is made-up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Blood inters the kidney through the renal vein . Waste is filtered from the blood and collected as urine in each kidney. Urine leaves the kidneys by ureters, and collects in the bladder. The bladder can distend to store urine that eventually leaves through the urethra. The now clean blood leaves the kidney through the renal artery.
Immune System
Function:Immune System protects cells of your body from bacteria, viruses, and poisons; keeps you alive and healthy.
Structure: White blood cells, lymph glands
Endorcine System
Function: Regulates the bodies functions and hormones
Structure: lymph Glands and hormones
Nervous System
Function: The nervous system is like an information highway. It is responsible for controlling all the functions and movements in the body and allows you to respond to changes in your environment.
Structure: Nerves, spinal cord, neurons, brain
Homeostasis: describes an environment that supports the survival of cells. All of your body’s systems work together maintaining homeostasis in side of your body
Relay of information from stimulus to response :Stimulus Sensory neuron receptor spinal column sensory neuron brain neuron receives the message brain neuron processes message brain neuron sends message spinal column motor neuron motor neuron muscle (response)
Integumentaary/ Skin System
Function: Protect the internal organs, reduces water loss, sensory response formation of vitamin D, regulates body temperature, rids the body of wastes,
Structure : skin