Linguistics 21, Sections 1, 2,6
Spring 2013
Problem Set 4: Diagramming
Diagram the following argument using the method presented in Chapter 7. You may work with a partner. This problem set is due on Wednesday, April 24, so take your time and do a good job!!! ( .3 points each; 4.5 points total).
1. Emily deserves to be promoted to project manager, because she's the most qualified candidate and the CEO promised her the job.
2. If we're in Milwaukee, then we're in Wisconsin. Hence, since we're not in Wisconsin, we're not in Milwaukee.
3. Either this is a Celica or it's an Accord. It's a Celica only if it's a Toyota. But it's not a Toyota. Hence, it's not a Celica. Hence, it's an Accord.
4. Practices that inflict suffering on sentient beings without good reason are morally wrong. For humans to kill and eat sentient animals inflicts suffering on them without good reason. Therefore, it is wrong for humans to kill and eat sentient animals. Moreover, a vegetarian diet is healthier than a meat-based diet. For these reasons, people should become vegetarians.
5. Parker is either at the library or he's at Mel’s Bar. But Parker never reads anything but comic books. Therefore, he's probably not at the library. Moreover today is Saturday, and Parker goes to Mel’s Bar almost every Saturday. Therefore, Parker is probably at Mel’s Bar.
6. This car looks exactly like my car, but is it? If this is my car, there should be a pair of fuzzy dice hanging from the rearview mirror, and there aren't any. Moreover, if this is my car, my key should fit it in the lock, and it doesn't. So, this isn't my car.
7. If the weather is nice, the reception will be outdoors. If it rains, the reception will be in the ballroom. If the reception is outdoors, I'll need to bring the paper plates. If the reception is in the ballroom, I'll need to bring the china. But it looks like the weather will be nice. The National Weather Service says it will be warm and sunny. So, the reception will most likely be outdoors. Therefore, I will need to bring the paper plates.
8. Quality family planning and reproductive health services, mother and child health, women's rights, and women's education—this four-point program is the best way to achieve a rapid slowdown in population growth. It can improve the quality of life directly, through health and education benefits, and it improves the status of women. It creates a healthy and educated work force. It gives people the knowledge with which they can fight for their own rights. It might also help to raise incomes, and it will certainly help to slow environmental damage.
9. The worst time to drink water—or any other fluid for that matter—is with your meals. Water taken with food cuts down on saliva production. It also washes down the food prematurely, before it has been adequately chewed, and adequate chewing is critical to complete and efficient digestion. Water with food also dilutes the digestive enzymes in the mouth and stomach, interfering with starch and protein digestion and causing fermentation and gas in the digestive tract.
10. Recycling makes good sense. It conserves scarce landfill space, it reduces environmental damage from activities such as strip mining and clear-cutting, it conserves energy, reduces pollution, and minimizes solid waste in manufacturing new products.
13. Never date or flirt with current students. Period. . . . No matter how old, wise, or experienced a student is, he or she is still less powerful than you are. Merely suggesting a flirtation is enough to make some students uncomfortable. Further, no matter how much you and your "special friend" try to separate your personal relationship from your student-teacher one, other students will believe that you are being soft on the object of your affection. If you compensate by being "extra tough," you are depriving your special friend of fair treatment. Further, the mere fact that you are dating a student will probably increase student cynicism and distrust. Lastly, asking a student out or flirting is a prima facie case of sexual harassment.
14. It is no accident that the nation's most toxic sites are surrounded by black and Latino communities. Most minority communities in the United States are poor, and
low income people can't vote with their feet and move wherever they choose. Nor do the poor have the political clout to challenge the local zoning boards that protect wealthy communities.
15. Many (if not most) of the fundamental concepts in marketing are based on the practitioner's ability to know people. After all, if we don't understand why people behave as they do, how can we identify their needs? If we can't identify their needs, how can we satisfy their needs? If we can't satisfy people's needs, we don't have a marketing concept, so we might as well fold our tents and go home!
16. Doing all of your runs on a track isn’t ideal. The boredom of going in circles can make it hard to stay motivated, and the flat surface won’t develop leg strength as well as running on hills. Running exclusively on a track also increases your risk of injury because the constant turning puts extra stress on the inside knee and hip. (Jeff Galloway, “The Starting Line,” 2005)
Exercise 7.4, Page 188-89 – Summarize the following arguments using the method presented in this chapter and in class: Numbers 2 and 3 ( .6 points each; 1.2 points total).