Phrases
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Adjective & Adverb Phrases
« ADJECTIVE PHRASES
o A ______phrase that functions as an ______
o Modifies a ______or ______
o Answers the questions: ______or ______
o EXAMPLE: Mary took her lunch (in a bag).
§ “in a bag” modifies “lunch” because it tells ______
« Adjective phrases almost always follow the word it ______.
« Adjective phrases usually modify nouns functioning as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, or predicate nominatives.
Modifying a: / Example Sentences:The mansion across the road has been abandoned.
Let’s take a picture of the Eiffel Tower.
They gave the students on the bus a tour.
France is a country with many charms.
« Sometimes an ______phrase can ______a noun or pronoun from ANOTHER ______phrase.
o EXAMPLE: We bought tickets (for the trip) (to Paris).
§ “for the trip” modifies “______” because it tells which ______
§ “to Paris” modifies “______” because it tells which ______
« NOTE: Two adjectives phrases can modify the same ______or ______
o EXAMPLE: The painting (of the palace) (in the museum) is old.
§ “of the palace” modifies “______” because it tells which ______
§ “in the museum” modifies “______” because it tells which ______
« ADVERB PHRASES
o A ______phrase that functions as an ______
o Modifies a ______, ______, or another ______
Modifying a: / Example Sentences:The runner dashed past the spectators.
The Loire Valley is rich in historical buildings.
The French exchange student arrived late for class.
o Answers the questions: ______, ______, or ______
o EXAMPLES:
§ Where? Tomorrow we will go (to HersheyPark).
§ When? We should meet (during intermission).
§ In what way? She ran (with speed).
« NOTE: An adverb phrase DOES NOT have to come right ______to the word(s) it modifies.
o EXAMPLE: (On Monday), call me (at noon) (on my cell).
§ “On Monday” modifies “call”; it tells ______to call
§ “at noon” modifies “call”; it tells ______to call
§ “on my cell” modifies “call”; it tell ______to call
« Like adjective phrases, ______phrases may modify the same word.
o EXAMPLE: (In the afternoon), we walked (to Notre Dame.)
§ “in the afternoon” modifies “walked”; it tells ______we walked.
§ “to Notre Dame” modifies “walked”; it tells ______we walked.
« NOTE: The word “______” plus a “______” is NOT a prepositional phrase
o EXAMPLE: Sarah likes to dance the cha-cha.
o “to dance” is an infinitive = to + a verb
o last word must be noun/pronoun if in a prepositional phrase – “to the store”
Practice!
1. Double underline the verb.
2. Underline the subject.
3. Place ( ) around the prepositional phrases.
4. Draw an arrow to the word each phrase modifies.
5. Circle ADV (adverb phrase) or ADJ (adjective phrase)
1. A bird sees everything (at once) (in total focus). ADJ / ADV
2. A blue whale may weigh 5,000 pounds at birth. ADJ / ADV
3. A tablespoon of butter contains 100 calories. ADJ / ADV
4. During the marathon we sat on the curbstone. ADJ / ADV
5. During the winter a person cannot catch a cold at the North Pole. ADJ / ADV
6. Edgar Allan Poe is the father of the detective story. ADJ / ADV
7. He accidentally dropped the last carton of milk. ADJ / ADV
8. Hockey pucks are kept in a refrigerator before a game. ADJ / ADV
9. I am very happy about your promotion. ADJ / ADV
10. I took a picture of my grandparents from Utah. ADJ / ADV
11. Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo by British, Dutch, and German soldiers. ADJ / ADV
12. None of the Pilgrims on the Mayflower had a middle name. ADJ / ADV
13. On the river bank a small boy fished for trout. ADJ / ADV
14. One of my brothers joined the tennis team at school. ADJ / ADV
15. Since Wednesday we have been rehearsing the play. ADJ / ADV
16. Some lizards can run on their hind legs. ADJ / ADV
17. The article about animals without a home was sad. ADJ / ADV
18. The band performed on the field during halftime. ADJ / ADV
19. The captain of the debating team met the principal. ADJ / ADV
20. The car in front of the school is illegally parked. ADJ / ADV
Appositive Phrases
« APPOSITIVES:
o A ______or ______that identifies or explains another noun or pronoun in the sentence.
o EXAMPLES:
§ The artist Monet was a great French painter.
· ______ is the appositive; it further explains ______
§ Her greatest attribute, charm, was not enough.
· ______ is the appositive; it further identifies ______
« Punctuation with Appositive Phrases
o If the appositive phrase is ______, do not use ______.
o If the appositive phrase is ______, use ______.
o EXAMPLES:
§ On Saturday, we saw the movie Alice in Wonderland on television.
§ The appositive______identifies ______. Therefore, it is ______; it does not need ______.
§ Alice In Wonderland, a Disney movie, can be seen on television this Saturday
§ The appositive ______merely gives additional information about ______; if the appositive is removed from the sentence, the basic meaning of the sentence would still be the same; Alice In Wonderland can be seen on television this Saturday.
« APPOSITIVE PHRASES:
o A ______or ______with modifiers, placed next to a noun or pronoun to add ______or details.
o EXAMPLES:
§ Amethyst, a purple birthstone, is the gem for February.
· ______is the appositive; it further explains ______
§ Fred explained numismatics, the hobby of coin collecting.
· ______is the appositive; it further explains ______
« When appositives or appositive phrases are used to combine sentences, they help to eliminate ______words.
o Two Sentences: Marseille is located on the Mediterranean Sea. The city is an important French seaport.
o Combined: ______
______
Practice!
DIRECTIONS: Box the appositive/appositive phrase in each sentence and draw an arrow to the word(s) the appositive modifies.
1. American artist Norman Rockwell selected scenes from everyday life.
2. Have you ever read the poem “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost?
3. We discussed A Tale of Two Cities, the classic tale of the French Revolution.
4. July was named after Julius Caesar, a Roman ruler.
5. August was named after Augustus, Caesar’s nephew.
6. At the Mardi Gras, a famous carnival in New Orleans, people wear costumes.
7. The church organist Franz Gruber wrote the music for “Silent Night.”
8. My sister has mastered calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting.
9. Eating a meal with chopsticks, two narrow wooden sticks, is an oriental custom.
10. The herbs parsley, mint, and rosemary grow well indoors at a sunny window.
11. My sister plays the cornet, a wind instrument.
12. I just finished reading a story by the famous science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov.
13. Voyager I photographed Jupiter, our largest planet, in 1979.
14. My dog Fred is never late for a meal.
15. Nora’s brother, an explorer scout, will attend an Outward bound program this summer.
16. Have you seen the play The Diary of Anne Frank?
17. Juanita would like to take up the popular sport wind surfing.
18. The first man to drive a vehicle on the moon was David Scott, an American.
19. Juneau, the capital of Alaska, has a deep harbor.
20. The dingo, an Australian dog, has to be taught how to bark.
VERBAL PHRASES
« When a verb is used as a ______, an ______or an ______, it is called a verbal. Although a verbal does not function as a ______, it still retains two characteristics of verbs: (1) It can be ______in different ways, and (2) it can have one or more ______. A verbal with modifiers or a complement is called a ______.
« There are three types of verbal phrases: (1) ______, (2) ______, and (3) ______.
Participial Phrases
« PARTICIPLES:
o A form of a ______that can act as an ______.
« The most common kinds of participles are ______participles and ______participles.
o Present participles end in ______:
o EXAMPLES:
§ Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.
§ ______describes ______and ______ describes ______; they are both ______that act as ______.
o Past participles end in ______:
o EXAMPLES:
§ Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work.
§ ______describes ______and ______ describes ______; they are both ______that act as ______.
« However: many have irregular endings such as ______or ______:
o EXAMPLES:
§ The child cried over the burst balloon. (______describes ______)
§ The written exam was difficult. (______describes ______)
« Note about BEING and HAVING: Participles also have a ______form.
o EXAMPLES:
§ Having decided, Madeleine acted quickly.
§ Being greeted by his friends, Frank shakes hands all around.
« Participle or Verb? Be careful not to confuse a participle with a ______.
o Follow these steps:
1. Find the ______
2. Find the ______
o EXAMPLES:
§ The dog is snarling at the plumber.
· What is the dog doing? ______, therefore it is a ______because it shows an action.
§ The snarling dog attacked the plumber.
· Which dog? ______, therefore it is a ______because it describes the dog.
« PARTICIPIAL PHRASES:
o A participle modified by an ______or an ______or accompanied by a ______. The entire phrase acts as an ______.
o EXAMPLES:
§ Traveling quickly, we saw much of the French countryside.
· The participial phrase ______describes ______.
§ The tourist, confused by the signs, got lost.
· The participial phrase ______describes ______.
« Punctuation with Participial Phrases: Essential and Nonessential
o Below are examples of ______and ______participial phrases. In the examples on the left, the phrases ______without changing the basic meaning. However, if we remove the ones on the right, the meaning of the sentences will not be the same.
Nonessential Phrases / Essential PhrasesThere is Craig, standing by the bus stop. / The boy standing by the bus stop is Craig.
Painted in 1497, the mural is Leonardo’s masterpiece. / The mural painted in 1497is almost beyond repair.
« Participial phrases can often be used to combine information from two sentences into one.
o Two Sentences: We were exhausted by the climb up Mont Blanc. We rested by the side of the trail.
o Combined: ______
______
Practice!
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1. Double underline the verb.
2. Underline the subject.
3. Circle the participial phrase(s) in each sentence below.
4. Box the participle.
5. Draw an arrow to the word(s) the participial phrase is modifying.
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1. The heaviest dog on record was a Saint Bernard weighing 295 pounds.
2. The country of Tonga once issued a stamp shaped like a banana.
3. The insulin used for the treatment of diabetes is taken from pigs and cows.
4. Introduced in 1938, nylon was used only for stockings.
5. Having trimmed the hedge, I began to mow the lawn and weed the garden.
6. That fabric, woven by my aunt, will be used for a coat.
7. In the first King Kong movie, made in 1933, the monster was really a model 18 inches high.
8. The letter used most in the English language is e.
9. Having packed our suitcases, we were ready to go to the airport.
10. An adult sitting in a relaxed position inhales about one pint of air with every breath.
11. Dates grown in the oases of the Sahara Desert are among the world's finest.
12. Requiring heavy rainfall, tea does not grow very well in dry regions.
13. Paper money is a Chinese invention, dating from the seventh century.
14. The series of newspaper articles, packed with information, was the basis for Matt's report.
15. The oldest tennis court, built in 1496, can be found in Paris, France.
Gerunds
« Many nouns ending in –ing are actually verbals known as ______. Gerunds always end in ______and always function as ______.
« GERUNDS:
o A form of a ______that acts as a ______.
GerundsEating is my favorite pastime in France.
The French people make visiting a pleasure.
Mr. Mendoza’s lecture gave traveling a new dimension
One Frenchman’s favorite activity is debating.
Their well-behaved dog shows signs of careful training.
Brady’s profession, advertising, is very competitive.
« Verb, Participle or Gerund? It is easy to confuse a verb, participle and gerund because all can end in “______.”
o EXAMPLES:
§ Kevin is yawning at his desk.
· Here, yawning is used as a: ______
§ The yawning boy was very tired.
· Here, yawning is used as a: ______
§ Yawning is contagious.
· Here, yawning is used as a: ______
« GERUND PHRASES:
o A gerund with ______or a complement, all acting together as a ______.
Gerund PhrasesHis constant, angry ranting made Napoleon difficult to tolerate.
Arguing about grades will get you nowhere.
Answering quickly is not always a good idea.
Many places in France prohibit walking on the grass.
Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem.
The French teacher tried giving her students praise.
« NOTE: Always use the possessive form of a personal pronoun in front of a gerund: