Spanish III
Realidades-2
El 4 de febrero
2017
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e
Capítulo 1A
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Using the verb SER Realidades 2 Página 5
Using Ser with adjectives to form complete sentences
El verbo SER
These notes on Spanish grammar cover the verb 'SER' (to be) and are accompanied by a video and interactive exercises.
The Spanish verb SER is used, for example, to describe people. We use it to express someone's name, personality, appearance, nationality. Unlike English, it has six different forms, one for each pronoun. It is an irregular verb. It is important to differentiate it from the verb ESTAR. Both verbs are translated as the verb 'to be' in English, but SER is more permanent than ESTAR.
When we talk about or describe someone, we use the verbSER:
La alumnaescolombiana. The student is Colombian.
El profesoresvenezolano. The teacher is Venezuelan.
Los amigossonsimpáticos. The friends are nice.
EllaesMaría. She is María.
Pronoun / Verb formYo / soy
Tú / eres
Él, Ella, Usted / es
Nosotros, Nosotras / somos
Vosotros, vosotras / sois
Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes / son
Use 'yo' to talk about ourselves: Yo soy Gimena. I am Gimena.
Use 'tú' to talk to another person, like 'you' in English. ¿Tú eres salvadoreña? Are you Salvadoran?
Use 'él' to talk about men and boys, like 'he' in English. Él es Mario. Él es muy simpático. He is Mario. He is very nice.
Use 'ella' to talk about women and girls, like 'she'. Ella es Julia. Ella es muy seria. She is Julia. She is very serious.
Use 'usted' to show respect. ¿Usted es el Sr. (señor) Gómez? Are you Mr. Gómez?
Use 'nosotros' to talk about ourselves. Nosotros somos amigos. We are friends.
In Spain, use 'vosotros' to speak to more than one person informally. ¿Vosotros sois estudiantes? Are you students?
Use use 'ellos' to talk about more than one person. Ellos son de Ecuador. They are from Ecuador.
Use 'ellas' to talk about more than one woman. Ellas son profesoras. They are teachers.
In Spain, use 'ustedes' to address more than one person formally. ¿Ustedes son de Madrid? Are you from Madrid?
In Latin America, use 'ustedes' to address more than one person formally or informally. ¿Ustedes son de Perú? Are you from Peru?
The Spanish VerbSer(to be)
In Spanish, the verbSeris used to identify and describe people, places and things.
Present tense conjugation:
yo / soy / I amtú / eres / You are
usted / es / You are
él/ella / es / He/She is
nosotros / somos / We are
vosotros / sois / You are
ustedes / son / You are
ellos/ellas / son / They are
uses of Ser
To describe yourself (inherent characteristics)
Soyresponsable, y tranquila. / I am a responsible and tranquil personTo contrast two people
Yosoyargentina , túeresmexicano. / I am Argentinean and you are Mexican.To describe an item
El libroesrojo y verde. / The book is red and green.To say what something is made of using “de” (of).
La mesaesde madera. / The table is made of wood.To give the location of anevent.
La fiesta es en mi casa. / The party is in my house.To describe others
Ellossonestudiantes. / They are students.Making Negative Statements
In order to make a negative statement, put "no" in front of the verb ser.
Yono soyromántico y Juanno espráctico. / I am not a romantic person and Juan is not practical.Questions
In Spanish many questions can be formed with the verbSer
¿Quées esto? Esto es un libro. / What is this? This is a book.¿Quiéneres? Soy Mauro. / Who are you? I am Mauro.
¿De dóndeeres? Soy de España. / Where are you from? I am from Spain.
¿Cómoes Usted? Soy alto y sincero. / What are you like? I'm tall and sincere.
¿Quéeres? Soy profesor. / What is your occupation? I am a professor.
SER
usingSER in complete sentences to describe people, places and things.
1. Having a pen pal and writing to him-her describing your friends and classmates.
2. La practyica- Actividad 7 página 5
3. Actividad 8 escribir página 5 ¿Y cómo son tus compañeros?
4. Juego Actividad 9
5. Adivina Ud.¿? Guess who? Describe fanous people
And have others guess who it is
Realidades 2 Página 14
Las clases
El arte
Las ciencias naturales
La educacìon fisica
El español
Las matemáticas
La tecnología
A VER SI RECUERDAS:
Question Words in Spanish
Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words)
Interrogative pronounssimply mean question words. Whether or not you realize it, a question word is actually a pronoun because it is used in place of the noun that would be the answer to the question.
Following is a complete list of question words. Notice that they all have accent marks.
Most of the question words have exact equivalents in Spanish and English. But there are a few issues you must understand in order to use the correct question word in context. There are three Spanish interrogative pronouns that can be translated to the English wordwhat:qué, cuál,andcómo.Unfortunately, they are not just interchangeable, but there are some simple rules to govern their usage.
· Whatrule 1:Always usequéto meanwhatdirectly in front of any noun.
¿Qué libro lee usted?
What book do you read?
¿Qué comida comen ellos?
What food do they eat?
· Whatrule 2:Quéis used in front of any form of the verbserwhen asking for a definition or an explanation. That is, when you're really asking “What does it mean?” or “What is it?”
· Whatrule 3:Cuális used in front of any form of the verbserwhen you're asking for a choice or specific answer. For example, consider the difference between the following two answers to a question about your address. The sample questions that generate them use theesform, which meansis,of the verbser.
A:My address is the house number, the street name, city, state, and zip code where I live.
B:My address is 555 Kingston Lane, Carrollton, Ohio 44615.
Answer A is obviously the response to a question asking for a definition or explanation of the word “address.” This is the type of answer elicited from the following question:
¿Qué es dirección?
What is “your address?” (give me an explanation or definition of address)
Answer B is clearly the type of response to the question, “What is your address?” Any question asking for a specific response, as in the following example, requires the question word “cuál.”
¿Cuál es tu dirección?
What is your address? (give me a specific place)
· Whatrule 4:Cómois often used as a response when someone fails to hear a comment and would like it repeated. In English when someone says something you don't hear, you say, “What?” If this happens in Spanish, the one word response, “¿Cómo?” is appropriate. That does not, however, mean thatcómocan be used to mean “What?” in any other situation.
The importance of knowing how to ask a question is obvious, but a large number of people tend to mix up the question words or simply can't remember them.
Try to usemnemonic(memory) tricks to help you remember the question words. The following examples are silly, and therein lies their beauty. Although they won't elicit the exact question word, they will certainly jar your memory. You should try to think of your own mnemonic devices for the rest of the question words.
Howdid he get into acoma?
Cómo= how
WhodatesBarbie? Ken!
Quién= who
Whatdo they sell atK‐mart?
Qué= what
Whencan I buy acondo?
Cuándo= when
Most questions that have a question word are created exactly like a yes or no question with the question word in front. Take the question “Does he speak Italian?”¿Habla élitaliano?There are several question words that could be placed in front of the question to elicit more information than a yes or no answer.
The following examples show how different question words can elicit different answers:
¿Cómo está tu familia?
How is your family?
¿Dónde habla él italiano?
Where does he speak Italian?
¿Cuándo habla él italiano?
When does he speak Italian?
¿Por qué habla él italiano?
Why does he speak Italian?
All of the sample questions can be created simply by switching the subject and the verb to create a yes or no question and then placing the specific question word in front.
HAY QUE… / TENER + QUE…..
TENER QUE, HAY QUE
Tener que + infinitiveis one way to express obligation or necessity. This expression can be translated as “someone has to do something.” Tener is conjugated according to the subject of the sentence.
Tengo que comer las verduras.
I have to eat the vegetables.
Ángel tiene que leer el periódico.
Ángel has to read the newspaper.
Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.
They have to buy a magazine.
Hay que + infinitiveis used to express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is necessary to do something.” It is a more general expression and since there is no subject, the verb form hay is always used.
Hay que tomar un taxi.
It is necessary to take a taxi.
Hay que estudiar mucho.
One must study a lot.
These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of these two expressions:
María tiene un examen el lunes. Ellatiene queestudiar.
María has a test on Monday. She has to study.
No es fácil aprender el español.Hay quepracticar mucho.
It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to practice a lot.
Stem-changing verbs in spanish
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem isunderlinedand the ending is inbold.
hablar
comer
vivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo / como / vivohablas / comes / vives
habla / come / vive
hablamos / comemos / vivimos
habláis / coméis / vivís
hablan / comen / viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
u-ue jugar
With the second group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
cerrar
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
Here’s an
other e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
mentir (e:ie)
miento
mientes
miente
mentimos
mentis
mienten
Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.
acertar
to guess, get right
encender
to light, kindle
advertir
to advise, warn
entender
to understand
cerrar
to close, shut
fregar
to scrub, wash dishes
comenzar
to begin
hervir
to boil
confesar
to confess
mentir
to lie
consentir
to consent
negar
to deny
convertir
to convert
pensar (en)
to think about
defender
to defend
perder
to lose
empezar
to begin
preferir
to prefer
e:ie stem-changers (cerrar)
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran