Supplemental Table: Studies included in condom use measurement analysis
Study / Location and population / Intervention / Study design and sample sizeb / Condom MeasuresAgha et al., 20011 / Mozambique
Adults, youth, and high risk populations / Condom social marketing / Cross-sectional study
N=5142 / Percent of respondents reporting condom use during last sex with a non-regular partner, adjusted and unadjusted for socioeconomic and demographic variables. A non-regular partner was defined as someone other than a marital or a regular partner in the last 12 months.
Agha et al., 20042 / Zambia (Central, Copperbelt, and Lusaka provinces)
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education; peer education / Randomized trial (group)
N= 416 / Proportion of students who reported: 1) ever used a condom with a regular partner, 2) used a condom with a regular partner the last time they had sex, 3) used a condom with casual partner the last time they had sex.
Allen et al., 20033 / Zambia (Lusaka)
Serodiscordant couples / Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) / Before/after study
N= NR / Percentage of discordant couples reporting current condom use with each other at baseline and 1 year follow-up.
Allen et al., 19924 / Rwanda (Kigali)
Child bearing women and their male partners / Provider Initiated Testing and Counseling (PITC); positive prevention / Time series study
N= 1458 / Self-reported condom use at the first annual visit according to the HIV serostatus of women and whether the male partner also received confidential HIV testing and counseling.
Allen et el., 19925 / Rwanda (Kigali)
Serodiscordant couples attending pediatric or prenatal clinics / PITC / Non-randomized trial (individual)
N= 53 couples / Percent of discordant couples reporting “Using condoms every time”; “Using condoms sometimes”; Never using condoms” time frame of follow up not specified. Number of episodes of intercourse with and without correct use ofcondoms was also measured.
Arthur et al., 20076 / Kenya (Thika & Nairobi Districts)
Adults never tested for HIV / VCT / Before/after study
N= 540 / Number of unprotected sex acts with primary and non-primary partners (timeframe not reported).
Asamoah et al., 19947 / Ghana(Urban Cape Coast municipality)
In-school Adolescents / Peer education / Randomized trial (individual)
N=180 / The proportion of women who reported ever using condoms (yes/no); the frequency of condom use with clients (proportions in the following categories ‘always’, ‘frequently’, ‘occasionally’, or ‘never’); the proportion who reported “always condom use”.
Basu et al., 20048 / India (Cooch Behar, West Bengal District)
Brothel-based female commercial sex workers / Peer education / Randomized trial (group)
N= 200 / 1)Condom utilization among FSWs: Number of condoms used over number of sexual intercourse acts reported by sex workers for the last day worked. If condoms were used during every sex act, such individuals were classified as having “100% condom use”. If condoms were used at least once during a sexual act, such individuals were classified as “any condom use”.
2)Changes in condom use among FSWs defining as adopters or relapsers: Adopters were those who converted from <100% condom use at baseline to 100% condom use at follow-up. Relapsers were those who switched from 100% condom use at baseline to <100% condom use at follow-up.
Bateganya et al., 20059 / Uganda (Kampala)
HIV-infected patients attending an outpatient HIV-treatment clinic / Impact of treatment on risk behavior / Cross-sectional study
N= 723 / 1) Percent of respondents reporting consistent condom use in the past 6-months (defined as use of condoms at every sexual encounter) with three types of partners: a) a spouse, b) regular sexual partner, and c) a casual/commercial sex partner.
2) Percent of respondents reporting condom use at last sexual encounter with three types of partners: a) a spouse, b) a regular sexual partner, and c) a casual/commercial sex partner.
Bentley et al., 199810 / India (Pune)
Seronegative heterosexual males at STD clinics / PITC / Time series study
N= 1628 / 1)Consistent condom use with sex worker.
2)“Any condom use” with all partners (broken down into sometimes and always use with sex partners looking at a) CSW and b) other female sex partners).
Broadhead et al., 200611 / Russia(Bragino and Rybinsk)
Injection Drug Users / Peer education / Before/after study
N=857 / Self-reported number of incidents of having had sex without a condom in the past 30 days assessed.
Bunnell et al., 200612 / Uganda (Tororo)
HIV-positive adults / Impact of treatment on risk behavior / Before/after study
N= 926 / 1) Frequency of condom use for the prior 2-weeks and prior 3-months measured as ‘always’, ‘sometimes’, or ‘never’.
2) Number of participants who reported using a condom the last time they had sex.
Cartagena et al., 200613 / Mongolia
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Cross-sectional study
N= 647 (post-intervention) / Percent of students always condom use during the last three months of sexual intercourse measured only for those students that were sexually active at the time the survey was administered.
Chen et al., 200714 / China (Guangxi Province)
Adult IDUs / VCT / Before/after study
N= 226 / Condom use frequency with both non-main partners and main partners on an ordinal scale: never, less than half of the time, about half of the time, more than half of the time, and always in past 30 days.
Cremin et al., 201015 / Zimbabwe (Manicaland province)
Zimbabweans in rural areas and small towns / VCT / Prospective cohort
N= 8,273 / Proportion reporting consistent condom use in the past 2 weeks with a regular partner and with a non- regular partner.
Desgrees et al., 200716 / Ivory Coast [Abidjan (Abobo and Yopougondistricts)]
Pregnant women attending antenatal care services / PITC / Prospective cohort
N=937 / 1)Percent of women who had used condom at least once in previous two years (at baseline)/% of women who had used condom at least once since baseline (at 18 month follow up).
2)Percent of women who engaged in “systematic condom use”—not defined (at baseline and 18 month follow up).
Diaz et al., 2005a17 / Brazil
Early Adolescent and Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Cross-sectional study
N=NR / Current use of condoms among sexually active participants.
Dolan et al., 200418 / Russia (Serbia)
Truck drivers and their sex partners / Peer education / Serial cross sectional study
N=729 / Among those who had sex in prison, the percent reporting using condoms comparing cross-sections at baseline and 12-month follow-up.
Dunbar et al., 201019 / Zimbabwe (Chitungwiza and Epworth)
Adolescent female orphans / Income generation / Before/after study
N= 49 / Percent of participants who report use of condom with a primary partner, measured at baseline and 6 months post-intervention.
Eicher et al., 200020 / India (Manipur)
IDUs / Needle and syringe programs / Cross-sectional study
N= 191 / Relative risk of regular condom use comparing needle exchange users to nonusers.
Elkins et al., 199721 / Thailand (KhonKaen province)
Residents of rural northeastern villages, particularly women / Mass media / Non-randomized trial (group)
N= 390 / 1) Proportion of men reporting condom use with: a) prostitute; b) wife
2) Proportion of men reporting the following reasons for using condoms with a prostitute and their wife: a) Prostitute: Disease b) Wife: Contraception; c) Wife: Disease
3) Proportion of men reporting their frequency of condom use with prostitutes as: a) never; b) sometimes; c) always
4) Proportion of men reporting their frequency of condom use with a wife as: a) never; b) sometimes; c) always
5) Proportion of men reporting their last condom used was with: a) prostitute; b) wife; c) other
6) Proportion of men reporting the reason for the last condom used was for: a) prevention of disease; b) Contraception; c) Other
Eloundou-Enyegue et al., 200522 / Tanzania
Young adult men / Condom social marketing / Cross-sectional study
N= 123 / 1) Percentage of respondents using condoms, comparing before and after the intervention
2) Of respondents using condoms, the percentage of men who only used condoms with casual partners, comparing before and after the intervention
3) Of respondents using condoms, the percentage of men who used condoms with all partners, comparing before and after the intervention
4) Of sexually active men respondents, the percentage of men using condoms, comparing before and after the intervention
Farquhar et al., 200423 / Nairobi, Kenya
Women attending antenatal care and their partners / Positive prevention / Prospective cohort
N=2836 / 1)Among women the proportional increase in reported condom use from baseline to follow-up
2)Among women who reported sexual activity after receiving HIV test results, odds ratio of reporting condom use in interval since their last visit.
Fawole et al., 199924 / Nigeria(Ibadjan)
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Non-randomized trial (group)
N= 450 / 1) The proportion of students in the intervention and control groups at baseline and at 6 months post-intervention who reported “condom use at last sexual intercourse”.
2) The proportion of students in the intervention and control groups at baseline and at 6 months post-intervention who reported “condom use always”.
Fitzgerald et al., 199925 / Namibia (Caprivi and Omusati regions)
Mid-adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Randomized trial (individual)
N= 515 / 1) The percent of youth reporting frequent use of condoms (“always”/”usually”) comparing intervention and control youth at baseline and immediately post-intervention.
2) Percent of sexually active youth who reported using condoms during their last episode of intercourse comparing intervention and control youth at baseline and immediately post-intervention.
Ford et al., 200026 / Indonesia (Bali)
Female sex workers / Peer education / Before/after serial cross-sectional study
N= 189 / The proportion of each sex worker’s clients who used a condom in the last day.
Hammett et al., 200627 / China (Ning Ming), Vietnam(Lang Son)
Injection Drug Users / Peer education / Serial cross- sectional study
N=633 / Percent reporting having unprotected sex with casual partner in past 6 months.
Harvey et al., 200028 / South Africa (Kwa Zulu Natal)
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Randomized trial (group)
N= 1080 / Among students reporting sexual activity, the percentage of students answering ‘once or more’ to the question: ‘How many times have you or your girlfriend or boyfriend used a condom during sex?’.
Hoffman et al., 200829 / Malawi (Lilongwe)
HIV Positive women / Family planning counseling for HIV+ women / Before/after study
N= 227 / Percent of women reporting condom use (asked in relation to family planning methods).
Jones et al., 200630 / Lusaka, Zambia
HIV-positive, sexually active women / Positive prevention / Randomized trial (individual)
N=240 / 1)Among sexually active participants, the proportion who reported consistent condom use (‘use condoms all the time’), at baseline and follow-up.
2)Among sexually active participants, the proportion who reported that they ’use condoms less than half the time’ at baseline an follow-up.
Kamenga et al., 199131 / Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
Serodiscordant couples / Positive prevention / Time series study
N=168 couples / Ever use of condoms at baseline; use of condoms during all episodes of sexual intercourse at 1 month and 18 months of follow-up.
Karnell et al., 200632 / South Africa(Pietermaritzburg region of KwaZulu-Natal)
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Randomized trial (group)
N= 661 / Used a condom during last sex measured 2-3 weeks before intervention and at 8 weeks after the conclusion of the intervention
Kawichai et al., 200433 / Thailand (Chiang Mai City) / VCT / Cross-sectional study
N= NR / Comparing percent of males and females (also stratified by HIV status) at baseline vs. follow-up who report the following behaviors during the past 6 months prior to the baseline interview: 1) Condom use with casual partners; 2) Condom use with spouse (among married and living together);
3) Condom use with girlfriend/boyfriend; 4) Condom use with CSW (asked of males only)
Response categories for each variable include: never used, sometimes and always.
Kiene et al., 201034 / Uganda(Mpigi district)
Sexually Active Ugandan Adults / PITC / Before/after study
N=245 / Self-reported 100% condom use with risky partners comparing HIV + to HIV negative patients or married/cohabitating patients to single patients measured at baseline and 3 months.
Kim et al., 200135 / Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean youth / Mass media / Non-randomized trial (group)
N=1426 / Percentage of the sexually experienced respondents who started to use condoms as a result of exposure to the youth campaign.
Kinsler et al., 200436 / Belize (Belize City)
In-school adolescents / Peer education / Non-randomized trial (group)
N=100 / Mean self-reported condom use for participants at baseline and 3-month follow-up.
Laukamm-Josten et al., 200037 / Tanzania
Truck drivers and their sex partners / Peer education / Serial cross- sectional study
N=NR / 1)Percent of participants responding yes to “ever used condoms.”
2)Percent of participants responding yes to “[used condoms] At least once in last 5 times with casual partner.”
3)Percent of participants responding yes to “[used condoms] At least once in last 5 times with regular partner” (defined as one having an ongoing sexual relationship with financial obligations such as paying rent, providing food, or child support, but was not a spouse or co-habiting partner).
4)Percent of participants responding yes to “Always used [condoms] last 5 times with casual partner.” Percent of participants responding yes to “Always used [condoms] last 5 times with regular partner”.
Lee et al., 201038 / Cambodia (Siem Reap
Women in high-risk professions / Income generation / Times series study
N= 14 / Condom use at last sex
Leonard et al., 200039 / Senegal (Kaolack)
Male transport workers from two transportation parks / Peer education / Before/after study
N=477 / 1)The proportion of male transport workers who reported previous use (ever use) of a condom compared from baseline to follow-up.
2)Among participants who reported ever condom use, the frequency of condoms use reported by male transport workers with a regular partner compared from baseline to follow-up (response choices: always, sometimes, or never)
Li et al., 200840 / China(Nanjing)
College-attending young adults / School-based sex education / Randomized trial (group)
N= 374 / Students who reported having sexual intercourse were asked about condom use and intended condom use (specific measures not reported).
Li et al., 200141 / China(Kunming)
Injection drug users attending drug rehabilitation centers / Peer education / Before/after serial cross-sectional study
N= 306 / 1)The proportion of individuals who reported using condoms during sexual intercourse.
2)The proportion of individuals who reported never using condoms during sexual intercourse.
Lin et al., 200442 / China (Yangjiang city and Yunfu city, Guangdong)
Injection drug users / Needle and syringe programs / Serial cross- sectional study
N= 428 / Percentage of participants reporting using condoms every time they had sex with their temporary sexual partners.
Lipovsek et al., 201043 / India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu)
Male clients 18 years and older of female sex workers / Condom social marketing / Serial cross- sectional study
N= 2401 / Consistent condom use with female sex worker in last 12 months which was measured both as a single measure and as a composite measure through an averaging of the following three measures:
1. Used condom last time sex with female sex worker
2. Used condom with female sex worker every time in past 12 months
3. No occasion when condom not used with female sex worker in past 12 months
MacNeil et al., 199944 / Tanzania
Sexually active, HIV infected adults / Psychosocial support; positive prevention / Individual randomized control trial
N=154 / 1)Percent of participants who reported using a condom at their last sexual intercourse.
2)Percent of participants in the overall study population who reported using condoms as a family planning method.
Magnani et al., 200545 / South Africa(KwaZulu-Natal Province)
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Dose-response
Survey 1N= 3052
Survey 2 N= 4185 / All three outcomes were measured among those who were sexually initiated within 2 years before the two surveys:
1) Percentage of respondents who used a condom during first sex act.
2) Percentage of respondents who report consistent condom use (always use condoms with each of the last three sex partners during last 12 months).
3) Percentage of panel respondents who used a condom during last sex act.
Martinez-Donate et al., 2004a46 / Mexico (Tijuana)
Adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Randomized trial (group)
N= 320 / Percent of students having unprotected sex in the last 3 months, comparing intervention to control.
Matambo et al., 200647 / Zimbabwe (Harare)
Employed Individuals / VCT / Before/after study
N= 388 / Measured as unprotected sex in prior 3 months:
1) primary partner only, 2) >1 non-primary partner
both primary partner, and 3) >1 non-primary partner, 4) none
Maticka-Tyndale et al., 201048 / Kenya(Nyanza Province)
Early and mid-adolescent youth / School-based sex education / Serial cross-sectional study
N=953 / Percent reporting used a condom at last sex: Pre, 18 months, and 30 months OR condom used at last sex: pre-18 months, 18 months-30 months
Matovu et al., 200549 / Uganda (Rakai)
HIV negative adults / VCT / Prospective Cohort
N= NR / Participants were asked whether they had ever had sex, and if yes, they were asked whether they had had sex in the 6 months prior to the interview. Respondents who said yes were further asked whether they had used condoms during any or all of their sexual encounters in the referent period. Condom use, in the analysis comparing initially HIV negative persons by gender, who accepted or declined VCT (those accepting VCT pre/post vs. those refusing VCT pre/post) were categorized as follows: None, Inconsistent, and Consistent
Meekers et al., 200050 / South Africa(Soweto and Umlazi)
Female youth / Condom social marketing / Non-randomized trial
N= 118 / 1)Current use of condoms to prevent pregnancy (current not defined)
2)Ever use of condoms
3)Used condoms in last intercourse
Meekers et al., 200051 / South Africa(Welkom)
Male miners / Condom social marketing / Before/afterserial cross-sectional study
N= 928 / 1)Percent who changed their behaviour by starting to use condoms in response to AIDS
2)Condom use during last sex
Meekers et al., 200552 / Cameroon (Yaounde and Douala)
Urban youth / Condom social marketing / Before/after study
N= 1,956 / 1) Percent of participants who stated that they ever used condoms.
2) Percent of participants who stated that they ever used condoms in last sex with regular partners.
3) Percent of participants who stated that they always used condoms with regular partner.
4) Percent of participants who stated that they used condoms in last sex with casual partner