Physical Science EOCTStudy Guide
Domain I: Atomic and Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
1)Examine the structure of the atom in terms of proton, neutron, and electron locations, atomic mass and atomic number, atoms with different numbers of neutrons(isotopes), and atoms with different numbers of protons.
A)Protons = positive charge; in nucleus; mass = 1amu
B)Neutrons= neutral; in nucleus; mass = 1amu
C)Electron = negative; outside nucleus, mass = 1/2000 amu
D)Electrons are the subatomic particles involved in chemical reactions.
E)Isotopes are different because they have a different number of neutrons.
F)Atomic number = number of protons.
G)Mass number = sum of protons and neutrons.
H)Atomic mass = average mass of all the different isotopes that make up the element.
2)Compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds in terms of electron position.
A)In a compound, the ratio of the elements is related to their subscripts
B)Covalent bond = sharing electrons; double arrow for sharing.
C)Ionic bonds = end up with positive and negative ions
D)Formula unit = smallest unit of an ionic bond.
E)Molecule = smallest unit of a covalent bond.
3)Differentiate among alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation.
A) alpha particle = helium nucleus; very large; stopped by sheet of paper
B) beta particle = electrons; smaller & lighter; thick wood would stop them
C) gamma rays = radiated energy; several inches of lead Or a few feet of concrete
4) Differentiate between fission and fusion.
A) nuclear fission reaction will show one nucleus changing into two.
B) nuclear fusion reaction will create one atom form two.
C) Both nuclear fission and fusion reactions produce a great deal of energy and a loss of mass.
F)A fusion reaction results in a single nucleus undergoing a decrease in atomic
number, no change in mass number, and the release of high energy light.
5) Explain the process half-life as related to radioactive decay.
A) half-life = half substance changes every half-life(1/2 half of original left)
B) Half-life graph is a hyperbola.
C) Radioactive decay of carbon-14 (unstable isotope of carbon) decreases over time and can be used to date living fossils.
6) Describe nuclear energy, its practical application as an alternative energy source, and its potential problems.
A) Nuclear energy is usually less expensive than other energy sources
B) Uranium provides more energy than an equal amount of petroleum
C) Nuclear fission produces less air pollution than fossil fuels.
D) Uranium fuel is not easier to dispose than ashes of coal
E) Radioactive waste from reactors is toxic and must be stored for thousands of years.
7)Determine the trends of the following: number of valence electrons, types of ions formed by representative elements, location of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids, and phases at room temperature.
A)Positive ions(cations) lose electrons
B)Negative ions(anions) gain electrons
C)Metals are on the left side of the stair-step line on the table
D)Nonmetals are on the right side of the stair-step line on the table
E)Metalloids are located beside the stair-step line on the table
8)Use the periodic table to predict the properties mentioned in number 7.
A)Alkali metals = +1 ions; very active; lose electron; 1 valence electron
B)Alkaline earth metals = +2 ions; 2nd most active; lose 2 electrons; 2 valence electrons
C)Transition metals= +2 or +3 ions; most metals; lose 2 or 3 electrons; 2 or 3 valence electrons
D)Boron group = +3 ions; boron only metalloid in group; lose 3 electrons; 3 valence electrons
E)Carbon group = +4 or -4 ions; all types of elements; lose or gain 3 or 4 electrons; 4 valence electrons
F)Nitrogen group = -3 ions; all types of elements; gain 3 electrons; 5 valence electrons
G)Oxygen group = -2 ions; mostly nonmetals; gain 2 electrons; 6 valence electrons
H)Halogens = -1 ions; most active nonmetals; gain 1 electron; 7 valence electrons
I)Noble gases = stable; eight electrons or 1stenergy level filled; inert; 8 valence electrons or 2 with the 1st energy level filled
J)Mark your periodic table with 1-18 across the vertical columns.
K)As you go from top to bottom in a group of family, the energy levels increase
L)Elements seek to reach stability through obtaining 8 valence electrons or filling the 1st energy level.
M)Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, and shiny.
N)Nonmetals are brittle and not good conductors.
9)Compare and contrast the atomic/molecular motion of solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
A)Solids = vibrate; highly packed together; lowest kinetic energy
B)Liquids= flow over each other; no definite shape; more kinetic energy than solids
C)Gases = move everywhere; no definite volume or shape; highest kinetic energy
D)Plasma = gas that has been so energized that its atoms have been stripped of all or some of its electrons
E)Water is unique because in its solid state the molecules are a more open structure that is less dense than that of liquid state.
F)Particles in a gas, are moving very quickly and their only contact is when theycollide.
G)During phase changes, the temperature stays the same but the energy decreases
H)When a flame symbol is on a bottle, it means the substance in the bottle is flammable
I)Evaporation is the process of a liquid changing to a gas.
J)Physical property/change = observable properties by the senses.
K)Physical property examples: boiling point, color, conductivity, density, malleability, mass, melting point, odor, shape, state of matter, weight.
L)Chemical property/change = characterizes how matter changes into entirely new substances.
M)Chemical property examples: ability to burn, ability to corrode, ability to support burning, reactivity with chemicals, reactivity w/light.
10)Relate temperature, pressure, and volume of gases to the behavior of gases.
A)Boyle’s law = inverse relationship between pressure and volume; hyperbola graph
B)Charles’ law = direct relationship between temperature and volume; straight-line graph
C)Gay-Lussac’s law = direct relationship between temperature and pressure; straight-line graph; the warmer something is the higher the pressure
Domain II: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
1)Calculate density when given a means to determine a substance’s mass and volume.
A)Water displaced on an irregular shaped object will give you its volume
B)Finding density – D= m/V
C)To find density, you will need a balance and a graduated cylinder
2)Predict formulas for stable binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.
A)In binary ionic compounds, the metal’s name is given first and then the nonmetal’s name ends in –ide.
B)Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity when dissolved.
C)Ionic compounds are formed when ions of opposite charges attract.
D)Ionic compounds form structures called crystal lattices.
E)Ionic compounds do not make good insulators.
F)Metals with roman numerals are positive ions with the roman numerals indicating the charge.
3)Use IUPAC nomenclature for transition between chemical names and chemical formulas of binary ionic compounds and binary covalent compounds.
A)Elements that bond with themselves(diatomic) always form covalent bonds.
B)Covalent compounds are two nonmetals named with greek prefixes that represent the number of each element in the compound.
4)Demonstrate the law of conservation of matter in a chemical reaction.
A)To balance an equation you use coefficients to make sure you have the same number of atoms on each side of the equation.
5)Apply the law of conservation of matter by balancing the following types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement.
A)Atoms are always conserved during chemical reactions – law of conservation of matter/mass.
B)Atoms on each side of an equation must be equal.
C)Mass before = mass after in a chemical reaction
D)Law of conservation of mass = matter cannot be created or destroyed merely changed from one form to another.
E)Mass of reactants = mass of products.
F)Synthesis reaction = a compound on the right side of the reaction
G)Decomposition reaction = a compound on the left side of the reaction.
H)Single replacement = a compound and element on each side of the reaction
I)Double replacement = two compounds on each side of the reaction
6)Describe solutions in terms of solute/solvent, conductivity, and concentration.
A)Solute = dissolved in solution. Solvent = substance the solute is dissolved in
B)Mixing a powdered drink- makes the powder the solute and water the solvent
C)Increase in temperature causes solids to go into solution faster
D)Saturated = solution holds all the solute it can
E)Unsaturated = solution can hold more solute
F)Supersaturated = solution holds more solute than normal.
G)Dilute = less solute in solvent
H)Concentrated = more solute in solvent
I)Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes in solution.
J)Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes in solution.
K)Nonelectrolytes don’t conduct at all.
7)Observe factors affecting the rate a solute dissolves in a specific solvent.
A)As the temperature decreases, a solid decreases its ability to go into solution
B)As the increase of OH- and H+ ions occur in a solution, the conductivity increases
8)Demonstrate that solubility is related to temperature by constructing a solubility curve.
A)Solids increase solubility with temperature.
B)Gases decrease solubility with temperature.
C)Solubility curve = shows the amount of dissolved solute changes with temperature.
9)Compare and contrast the components and properties of acids and bases.
A)Acids = pH less than 7; litmus = red. Bases = pH more than 7; litmus = blue.
B)Taste = acids – tart or sour; bases – bitter.
C)Touch = acids – feel like water or may sting; bases – feel slippery or smooth.
D)Reaction with metals = acids react; bases don’t react.
E)Conductivity = both conduct electricity.
F)Litmus test = Acids turn blue litmus red; Bases turn red litmus blue.
G)Acids give off hydrogen ions in solution.
H)Bases give off hydroxide ions in solution.
I)Neutralization = reaction where acid and base react and form a salt and water.
10)Determine whether common household substances are acidic, basic, or neutral.
A)Soaps and cleaners are bases.
B)Juices and fruits are acids.
Domain III: Energy, Force, and Motion
1)Identify energy transformations within a system.
A)In photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into chemical energy.
B)Types of energy: chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, mechanical, nuclear, radiant or light, sound, & thermal.
C)Chemical = stored in bonds that hold atoms together in molecules
D)Electrical = used in homes to produce light and entertainmet in the home.
E)Electromagnetic = motors and generators
F)Mechanical = movement
G)Nuclear = fission and fusion
H)Light = movement of electrons from higher to lower energy levels
I)Sound = vibration of molecules
J)Thermal = heat content
K)Kinetic = energy in motion
L)Potential = stored energy
M)Energy sources: fossil fuels, geothermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, & wind.
2)Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, radiation, and convection.
A)Convection currents utilize liquids and gasses (fluids) to transfer heat.
B)Conduction occurs when heat is transferred by direct contact.
C)Radiation can transfer through empty space.
D)A swimming pool can radiate energy.
3)Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature.
A)Be able to work problem with Q=mcDeltaT
4)Explain the flow of energy in phase changes through the use of a phase diagram.
A)Increased energy = solid to liquid; liquid to gas; solid to gas – endothermic
B)Decreased energy = gas to liquid; liquid to solid; gas to solid – exothermic
C)The more dense the material the faster it will heat up.
5)Calculate velocity and acceleration.
A)To calculate acceleration, you must have a velocity change over time.
B)In finding distance or displacement, d = vt
C)In finding acceleration; a = vf-vi/t
D)A distance-time graph that produces a straight line indicates that the velocity is increasing constantly.
E)In speed, s=d/t; speed equals distance divided by time.
6)Relate falling objects to gravitational force.
A)Newton’s 1st law = inertia
B)Newton’s 2nd law = F = ma
C)Newton’s 3rd law = action – reaction law
D)The greater the mass, the greater the gravitational force of attraction
E)The force of gravity between two objects is determined by their masses and the distance between them.
F)In free fall acceleration, the velocity increases by 9.8 m/s every second.
G)The greatest gravitational potential energy is found at the greatest height.f
H)In free fall gravitation, vf = at.
7)Explain the difference in mass and weight.
A)Mass is the quantity of matter that an object has.
B)Weight is the gravitational force of attraction for an object.
C)Mass is the same everywhere, but weight is based on location.
D)W=mg to find weight.
E)Frictional forces = slow done the motion of objects.
F)Sliding friction = one solid slides over another.
G)Rolling friction = one object rolls overv another.
H)Static friction = objects touch but don’t move.
8)Calculate amounts of work and mechanical advantage using simple machines.
A)To find work in joules, W=Fd
B)Mechanical advantage = output work/input force
C)Mechanical advantage = work output/work input
D)Simple machines : inclined plane, lever, pulley, screw, wedge, wheel & axle.
E)Effort force = force applied to machine
F)Resistance force = force exerted by the machine
G)Effort distance = force applied over a distance
H)Resistance distance = force that moves the object.
I)MA = Fr/FE ; MA = de/dr
Domain IV: Waves, Electricity, and Magnetism
1)Recognize that all waves transfer energy.
A)Waves transfer energy through a medium.
B)Particles in the medium don’t move along with the waves.
2)Relate frequency and wavelength to the energy of different types of electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves.
A)Transverse waves have crests and troughs.
B)Longitudinal waves have compressions and rarefactions.
C)Wave length and frequency re used to find the speed of a wave; speed = frequency X wavelength.
D)Amplitude = distance from equilibrium to the crest or trough of the wave.(energy of the wave)
E)Wavelength(m) = distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave.
F)Frequency(hz) = number of complete waves or cycles of oscillations, in a given time period.
G)Period (seconds)= time it takes to complete one full cycle.
H)Energy transmitted by a mechanical wave is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave.
3)Compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical(sound) waves.
A)Electromagnetic waves do not have to have a medium
B)Mechanical waves must have a medium
C)Sound waves are longitudinal and cannot move through the vacuum of space
D)Light waves are transverse and can travel through the vacuum of space
E)Sound waves transfer energy through matter, but the matter does not travel with them.
F)Sound waves travel 340 m/s at 150C.
G)Electromagnetic waves travel 300,000 km /s.
4)Investigate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction.
A)Destructive interference occurs when two waves meet in a medium going in opposite direction and out of phase.
B)Sonar uses wave reflection to determine the depth of the ocean.
C)Waves are bent when they enter a new medium because of a difference in density due to refraction
D)Refraction occurs when waves bend and change speed when they enter materials with different densities.
E)In reflection, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence(the angle going in is equal to the angle going out after reflection).
F)Reflection of a wave happens when it cannot enter into a new medium.
G)Diffraction occurs when a wave moves through a hole or a barrier and spreads out afterward.
5)Explain the Doppler Effect in terms of everyday interactions.
A)In the Doppler Effect, when an object with a sound moves toward a stationary receiver, the waves are squeezed and the frequency increases.
B)When an object with a sound is moving away from a stationary receiver, the waves move apart and the frequency decreases.
6)Investigate static electricity in terms of friction, induction, and conduction.
A)When something is negatively charged or positively charged, it is sometimes rubbed with a cloth
B)Static electricity occurs when charges buildup on an object.
C)Rubbing two objects together causes charging by friction.
D)Conduction charging occurs by direct contact
E)Induction charging occurs when electrons are rearranged
F)Electric discharge occurs when charges leave an object
G)Repulsion and attraction cause an electric field by like charges repelling and unlike charges attracting.
7)Explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating and direct current, the relationship among voltage, resistance, and current, and simple series and parallel circuits.
A)Ohm’s law – V=IR
B)In a series circuit, if one light goes out then they all go out.
C)In a parallel circuit, if one light goes out the others get brighter
D)In direct current(DC), the current flows in one direction.
E)In alternating current(AC), the currents changes direction multiple times per second.
F)Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
G)Circuit is a complete path for electrons to flow through.
H)Electric current(amperes) results when charged particles flow through a wire in a circuit.
I)Potential difference in a circuit brings about voltage.
J)Resistance to flow is measured in ohms.
8)Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical charge as it relates to electromagnets, simple motors, and permanent magnets.
A)Speakers work through alternating current or direct current , magnetism, speaker diaphragm vibration, and voice coil.
B)The relationship between magnetism and electricity creates an electric field around a magnet and a magnetic field around an electric current.
C)Magnetic field is the region around a magnet or current carrying wire where magnetic forces can be measured
D)Magnetism is the force of attraction or repulsion that is produced by the arrangement of electrons.
E)Magnetic domains are groups of atoms with magnetic poles aligned.
F)When a metal bar or other object is composed of stable, magnetic domains, a permanent magnet results
G)Electric motor = rotating electromagnet used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
H)Electromagnetic induction = when a magnet is moved near a wire and an electric current is generated.
I)Generator = device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.