Chemistry 30
Organic Chemistry Notes
A. Carbon Compounds
30-C1.1k define organic compounds as compounds containing carbon, recognizing inorganic exceptions such as carbonates, cyanides, carbides and oxides of carbon
- organic compounds are those in which ______ atoms are almost always bonded to each other, to ______atoms and a few other atoms (______)
- inorganic exceptions are the ______
______(no C-C bonds or C-H bonds)
eg) ______
- there are ______ of organic compounds and all contain ______
- carbon is unique for two reasons:
a)it can bond with ______atoms to form ______
b)it can formcombinations of ______
______(no other element does this!!!!)
- recall polarity and intermolecular forces from the chemical bonding unit
- polar bonds are formed when there is an ______ pull on e
- ______ compounds are formed when the polar bonds within a molecule ______ each other out
- the presence of ______forces and ______ will allow polar compounds to ______, since it is also polar
- ______ compounds only have LD forces between molecules and ______dissolve in water
30-C1.2s perform an experiment to compare the properties of organic compounds with inorganic compounds, considering properties such as solubility, viscosity, density, conductivity and reactivity
B. Structural Isomers
30-C1.5k define structural isomerism as compounds having the same empirical formulas, but with different structural formulas, and relate the structures to variations in the properties of the isomers
- isomers are compounds with the ______but a ______
Example 1
Draw the three structural isomers for C5H12.
1.2.3.
Example 2
Draw three structural isomers for C4H8F2.
1.2.3.
30-C1.3s compile and organize data to compare the properties of structural isomers
- different structures result in different ______
- the arrangement of the atoms determines the types of intermolecular attractions which then determines properties such as ______and ______ in water
Example
Draw two isomers of C3H8O. Which one would have a boiling point of 7.4C and which would have a boiling point of 82.5C? Explain why the boiling points are so different.
C. Formulas and Structural Diagrams
- organic molecules can be drawn in three different ways:
- complete structural diagram – shows ______
eg) C3H8
C3H7F
- condensed structural diagrams – shows ______
______but includes the ______etc. attached to each carbon
eg) C3H8
C3H7F
- line structural diagrams – shows only ______
______bonds
eg)C3H8
C5H12
C4H8
30-C1.2s build molecular models depicting the structures of selected organic and inorganic compounds
Your Assignment: pg 1
D. Prefixes
1. Number of Functional Groups
6 = hexa
2 = di7 = hepta
3 = tri8 = octa
4 = tetra9 = nona
5 = penta10 = deca
2. Number of Carbons
1 = ______6 = ______
2 = ______7 = ______
3 = ______8 = ______
4 = ______9 = ______
5 = ______10 = ______
30-C1.2k identify and describe significant organic compounds in daily life, demonstrating generalized knowledge of their origins and applications
30-C1.3k name and draw structural, condensed structural and line diagrams and formulas, using IUPAC nomenclature guidelines, for saturated and unsaturated aliphatic (including cyclic) and aromatic carbon compounds
30-C1.1sts explain how science and technology are developed to meet societal needs and expand human capability
30-C1.2sts explain that science and technology have influenced, and been influenced by, historical development and societal needs
30-C1.3s follow appropriated IUPAC guidelines when writing the names and formulas of organic compounds
E. Alkanes
eg) ______
- hydrocarbons containing ______between the carbons ie) they are ______
- can be ______continuous chains, ______chains, ______structures ______
1. Properties
- ______ in water
- can be ______ depending on number of carbon atoms
- relatively ______because the ______bonds are ______
2. Uses
- natural gas, BBQ’s, lighter fluid, gasoline etc
- good for making plastics, lubricants
3. Naming
- IUPAC = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
i. Continuous Chains
- ______
eg)
ii. Branched Chains
- branches are called ______functional group
- 1 C = ______; 2C = ______; 3 C = ______ etc
- find the ______and ______so the branches get the ______
possible numbers
- to name: name the ______first(in ______order),including the ______where each group is found, then name the ______
______(parent name)
eg)
Try These:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Try These
Draw the structure for each of the following compounds:
1. 2,2-dimethylpropane
2. 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylhexane
3. 4-propyloctane
4. 3,5-diethyl-4-methylheptane
Your Assignment: pgs 2-3 in workbook
iii. Cycloalkanes
- use the ______as the ______ name
- ______+ ______+ ______
eg)
- if there are branches, number the carbons in the ring so the branchesget the ______
eg)
Try These:
1.
2.
3.
4. 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane
5. 1,1,2,2-tetraethylcyclohexane
6. 3-butyl-1,1,2-trimethylcyclopentane
Your Assignment: pg 4 in workbook
C. Alkenes
eg) ______
- hydrocarbons containing ______ie) they are ______
- can be ______continuous chains, ______chains, ______structures ______
1. Properties
30-C1.3s interpret the results of a test to distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated aliphatic, using aqueous bromine or potassium permanganate solutions
- ______ in water
- ______ than corresponding alkane because they have ______which makes the ______forces of attraction ______
eg) ethane BP = 88.6C ethene BP = 103.8C
- ______than alkanes
- double bond has ______in the same area
______and ______
______
- diagnostic test: use ______***alkenes ______with these substances causing a noticeable ______, alkanes will not
2. Uses
- plastics (PVC)
- steroids
- welding torches
3. Naming
i. Continuous Chains
- ______
- number carbons to give the ______the ______
- the number where the double bond ______is to be given as a “ # ” between the prefix and the suffix
eg)
ii. Branched Chains
- find the longest carbon chain and number it so the ______gets the ______ number
- to name: name the ______first(in ______order), including the ______of the carbon where each is found, thenthe ______including the ______ of the carbon where the double bond starts
eg)
Your Assignment: pgs 5-6 in workbook
iii. Cycloalkenes
- double bond is always numbered ______
- ______get the ______ numbering sequence after the ______
- ______+ ______+ ______
- list branches in ______with the ______ of the carbon they are on
eg)
Your Assignment: pg 7 in workbook
D. Alkynes
eg) ______
- hydrocarbons containing ______ie)they are also ______
- can be ______continuous chains, ______chains
- not plentiful in nature
1. Properties
- ______
- ______(more than alkanes and alkenes)
- ______bond has ______in the same area ______ force of repulsion
- boiling points are ______ than corresponding alkanes and alkenes because of their ______and the ______ of triple bonds
2. Uses
- welding torches
3. Naming
i. Continuous Chains
- ______
- number carbons to give the ______the ______
- the number where the triple bond ______is to be given as a “ # ” between the prefix and the suffix
eg)
ii. Branched Chains
- find the ______and number it so the ______ gets the lowest number
- to name: name the ______first(in ______order), including the ______of the carbon where each is found, thenthe ______including the ______ of the carbon where the triple bond starts
eg)
Your Assignment: pg 8 in workbook
Review
- alkanes – branches, rings – least reactive
- alkenes – branches, rings
- alkynes – branches – most reactive
- all called ______
- all ______and ______in water
- major intermolecular forces are ______boiling points are ______
E. Aromatics
- hydrocarbons containing one or more ______
- all bonds are the ______we draw benzene like this:
1. Properties
- ______
- the benzene ring structure is ______
- aromatics are characterized by strong aromas
2. Uses
- ASA, amphetamines, adrenaline, benzocaine (anesthetic)
- moth balls, TNT
- wintergreen, menthol, vanilla, cinnamon
- SPF in sunscreen
3. Naming
i. Benzene as a Branch
- if you have a really long carbon chain, it is easier to call the benzene ring a ______
eg)
ii. Benzene as the Main Compound
- if only one group is attached, give the ______attached to ______
eg)
- if there is more than one branch, number them so they get the ______and name ______
eg)
***watch out for this!
Your Assignment: pgs 9-10 in workbook
30-C1.4k identify types of compounds from the hydroxyl, carboxyl, ester linkage and halogen functional groups, given the structural formula
F. Alcohols
- organic compounds with one or more ______
______
1. Properties
- have much ______than correspondingaliphatics because of ______
eg) methane (CH4) BP = ______
methanol (CH3OH) BP = ______
- ______
- the ______end of the alcohol is ______while the ______end ______small alcohols are ______in water andlarge alcoholsare ______
2. Uses
- antifreeze, rubbing alcohol, beverages, moistening agent
3. Naming
- number the longest carbon chain containing the ______so the ______group gets the ______
- ______name (______at end) + ______
- give the ______where the ______ is found between the parent name and the suffix
- if there is ______ hydroxyl group, use a prefix (______) to indicate the ______ of OH groups and place the numbers between the parent name and the suffix
***Note, if the suffix starts with a vowel, drop the “e” on the parent name; if the suffix starts with a consonant, keep the “e” on the parent name
eg)
- an unusual case:
Your Assignment: pg 11 in workbook
G. Organic Halides
- where ______is ______and ______is a ______
- organic compounds where ______has been replaced by ______
- do not readily occur in nature
1. Properties
- can be ______or ______, depending on the placement of the halogen groups
- many are ______
2. Uses
- manufactured for human use eg) DDT, PCB, CFC
- anesthetics
- dry cleaning fluid
- plastics, polymers (Teflon)
3. Naming
- same rules as before…name branches (______included now) ______
F = ______Cl = ______
Br = ______I = ______
eg)
Your Assignment: pg 12 in workbook
H. Carboxylic Acids
- where ______is ______
- organic compounds containing the ______
______
- considered ______ since double bonds in functional groups are not taken into account
1. Properties
- ______
- ______boiling points due to ______
- ______
- diagnostic test: use ______(will turn ______), readily react with ______, ______
2. Uses
- recycling rubber – methanoic acid
- vinegar – ethanoic (acetic) acid
- rust remover – oxalic acid
- fruits – citric acid
3. Naming
- count the longest carbon chain including the ______in the ______
- the carbon in the carboxyl group is always number ______
- drop ______and add ______
eg)
Your Assignment: pg 13 in workbook
I. Esters
- where ______ can be a carbon chain or hydrogen and ______ can be a carbon chain
- combination of a ______and an ______
- considered ______ since double bonds in functional groups are not taken into account
1. Properties
- ______
- ______esters ______in water, ______esters ______
- boiling points slightly lower than corresponding carboxylic acids and alcohols due tolack ofhydrogenbonding
- very ______which allows them to generate ______
2. Uses
- flavouring agents
3. Naming
- identify the ______ used to make the ester
- change the alcohol name to the corresponding ______ name
eg) methanol would become ______
- identify the ______ the ester was made from
- drop the “oic acid” and replace with ______
eg) butanoic acid would become ______
- put the ______together with a ______ in between
eg) ______
- you can have ______ on esters…they follow the alphabetical rule, numbering begins at the ______ of the alcohol and the C=O end of the carboxylic acid
eg)
Your Assignment: pg 14 in workbook
J. Boiling Points and Solubility
30-C1.6k compare, both within a homologous series and among compounds with different functional groups, the boiling points and solubility of examples of aliphatics, aromatics, alcohols and carboxylic acids
- we can compare the boiling points of various organic compounds using their ______and the ______
______between the molecules
Example 1
Put the following organic compounds in order from highest boiling point to lowest boiling point.
alcohol, alkane, alkene, aromatic, carboxylic acid
Example 2
Put the following homologous series of organic compounds in order from highest boiling point to lowest boiling point.
C2H6, C2H5OH, CH3COOH, C2H4
- we can also compare the ______of various organic compounds using their polarity
Insoluble Organic Compounds / Soluble Organic Compounds
K. Organic Reactions
30-C2.1k define, illustrate and provide examples of simple addition, substitution, elimination, esterification and combustion reactions
30-C2.2k predict products and write and interpret balanced equations for the above reactions
30-C2.4k relate the reactions described above to major reactions that produce thermal energy and economically important compounds from fossil fuels
30-C2.3s use IUPAC conventions when writing organic chemical reactions
1. Combustion Reactions
- occurs when a ______reacts with ______
- products are always ______
______
- these are economically important reactions for they are the major reactions that produce ______required for fuelling our vehicles, heating our homes, and producing electricity
eg)___ C5H12(l) + ___ O2(g)
+ ____ O2(g)
2. Addition Reactions
- a ______or ______ bond in an alkene or alkyne is ______ and a group or element is ______
eg)
Try These:
1.
2.
3.
Your Assignment: pg 15
3. Substitution Reactions
- the replacement (______) of a hydrogen on an alkane or aromatic with ______ (eg. F, Cl etc)
- commonly used to make ______
Examples:
4. Esterification Reactions
- the reaction of a ______with an ______
- the catalyst is ______
Examples:
5. Elimination Reactions
- an ______ has water removed, forming and ______plus the ______
- ______can react with a ______to produce an ______, a ______and ______
Examples:
3.
Your Assignment: pgs 16-17
6. Polymerization Reactions
30-C1.2sts explain that science and technology have influenced, and been influenced by, historical development and societal needs
30-C2.3k define, illustrate and provide examples of monomers, polymers and polymerization in living systems and nonliving systems
30-C2.3s draw or use models to illustrate polymers
- a ______is a ______that forms the ______ for a polymer
- a ______is a ______formed by the ______of ______
- depending on the polymer, the monomers that make it up can be ______or ______
- polymers can be ______
eg) ______
- polymers can be ______
eg) ______
- polymers that can be heated and molded into specific shapes are commonly called ______
- plastics are one type of synthetic compound that has been of great benefit to society (although there are also problems associated with then)
- the names of polymers are the monomer name with ______ in front
- many have classical names instead of IUPAC names
Addition Polymers
- formed when the electrons in double or triple bonds in the monomer units are rearranged
- the polymer is the ______ formed
Examples:
Condensation Polymers
- polymerization reactions that involve the formation of a ______
______ (commonly ______) as well as the ______
- each monomer must have ______ functional groups
- two common linkages formed:
- ______ linkage – between carboxyl group (COOH) and hydroxyl group (OH)
- ______ linkage – between amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)
Examples:
K. Petroleum Refining
30-C1.7k describe, in general terms, the physical, chemical and technological processes used to separate organic compounds from natural mixtures or solutions
30-C2.1sts explain how science and technology are developed to meet societal needs and expand human capability
- Alberta has vast reserves of petroleum in the form of natural gas, crude oil and oil sand deposits
- most of this petroleum is refined and then burned as ______
- petrochemicals, basic hydrocarbon raw materials such as ethane and propene, are also used in the production of ______
- refining of petroleum separates the crude mixture into purified components
- ______ is used to separate the components
- distillation works because of the different ______ of the components of petroleum
- the ______the molecule and the ______the boiling point, the ______ it rises in the tower (asphalt, fuel oil, wax at bottom; gasoline at top)
- there are two types of reactions in petroleum refining:
1. Cracking
- ______longchain hydrocarbons into ______
- cracking requires heat and pressure
- there are many different types of cracking reactions, forming different products (alkanes, alkenes)
eg) catalytic cracking, steam cracking, hydrocracking
- hydrocracking requires ______
Examples:
1. C9H20 + C8H18
2. Reforming
- small hydrocarbons are ______to make ______
- requires heat and pressure
- there are several types of reforming reactions
eg) alkylation to produce “high octane” gasoline
- all reforming reactions produce ______
Examples:
1. C7H16 + C12H26
2. ethane + octane
30-C1.1s design a procedure to separate a mixture of organic compounds, based on boiling point differences
Your Assignment: pgs 18-19
Separate an Organic Mixture – pg 581
Organic Reactions and the Environment Assignment
Chemistry 30 Organic Chemistry1Jill Agnew