BODY ORGANIZATION
I. PHYSIOLOGY
A. Definition
1. Study of the function of body parts
II. ANATOMY
A. Definition
1. Study of structures and relationships among structures
B. Types of anatomy
1. Gross anatomy
a) Can be studied without a microscope
2. Systematic anatomy
a) Covers specific systems (nervous, digestive, etc.)
3. Developmental anatomy
a) Changes that occur between fertilization to death
4. Embryological anatomy
a) Changes that occur between fertilization to 8th week in utero
5. Pathologic anatomy
a) Structural changes from disease
6. Cytological anatomy
a) Study of cell structure
7. Histological anatomy
a) Study of tissues
8. Radiographic anatomy
a) Study of body structures using X-rays
III. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
A. Chemical
1. Atoms Þ compounds Þ monomers Þ macromolecules
B. Cellular
1. The smallest unit of life
C. Tissue
1. A group of cells with common function and structure
D. Organs
1. An organ is a structure that is composed of 2 or more types of tissues that work together to perform particular functions
E. Organ systems
1. An organ system contains many different organs that cooperate to carry out a process such as digestion of food
F. Organisms
IV. ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Integumentary system
a) Components
(1) Skin and structures derived from it
(a) Nails, hair, sweat and sebum glands
b) Functions
(1) Regulates body temperature
(2) Eliminates waste
(3) Synthesizes vitamin D
(4) Stimuli receptor
(5) Protection
2. Skeletal system
a) Components
(1) Bones, joints, and cartilage
b) Functions
(1) Supports
(2) Leverage
(3) Protection
(4) Makes blood
(5) Stores mineral
3. Muscular system
a) Components
(1) Skeletal, visceral, and cardiac
b) Functions
(1) Movement
(2) Posture
(3) Heat
4. Nervous system
a) Components
(1) Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
b) Function
(1) Regulates body activity through nerve impulses
5. Endocrine system
a) Components
(1) Glands that produce hormones
b) Function
(1) Regulates body activity through hormones transported through the blood
6. Lymphatic system
a) Components
(1) Lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph organs
b) Functions
(1) Returns plasma to blood
(2) Transports fats
(3) Fights disease
(4) Destroys worn out cells
7. Cardiovascular system
a) Components
(1) Heart, blood, and blood vessels
b) Functions
(1) Distribution of oxygen to cells
(2) Distribution of nutrients to cells
(3) Carries waste away from cells
(a) CO2 and ammonia
(4) pH balance
(5) Protects against disease
(6) Helps regulate body temperature
(7) Prevents hemorrhaging (clots)
8. Respiratory system
a) Components
(1) Lungs and related air passages
(a) Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
b) Functions
(1) Supplies blood with oxygen
(2) Removes carbon dioxide from blood
(3) pH balance
9. Digestive system
a) Components
(1) Alimentary canal and accessory organs
(a) Alimentary canal is a continuous tube leading from the mouth to the anus
(i) Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, anus
(b) Accessory digestive organs aid in digestion, but food does not pass through them
(i) Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
b) Functions
(1) Breaks down food
(2) Absorbs nutrients and water
(3) Eliminates solid waste
10. Urinary system
a) Components
(1) Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
b) Functions
(1) Eliminates metabolic waste
(2) Regulates water
(3) Regulates electrolyte balance
11. Reproductive system
a) Components
(1) Organs that produce (testes & ovaries) and transports and stores (penis, uterus, vagina) gametes
b) Function
(1) Reproduction
V. BODY CAVATIES - SPACES WITH INTERNAL ORGANS
A. Dorsal
1. Cranial
a) Contains the brain
2. Vertebral
a) Contains the spinal cord
B. Coelomic (Ventral):
1. Thoracic -- Chest
a) 2 Pleural Cavities
(1) Contains the lungs
b) Pericardial Cavity
(1) Contains the heart
2. Abdominopelvic
a) Abdominal
(1) Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small Intestines, kidneys
b) Pelvic
(1) Contains the bladder, colon, rectum, reproductive Organs
TISSUES
I. Introduction
A. The human body has different levels of organization
1. Cells of the same type join together to form a tissue
2. Tissues are categorized into 4 major types
II. Epithelial Tissues
A. Introduction
1. Consists of tightly packed cells that form a continuous sheet over the entire body surface and internal cavities
(1) Joined to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane
2. Functions
a) Protection
(1) Drying
(2) Abrasion
(3) Infection
b) Secretion
(1) Endocrine and exocrine glands
(a) Glands that secrete their products into ducts are called exocrine glands
(b) Those that secrete directly into the bloodstream are called endocrine glands
(2) Mucous membranes
c) Absorption
(1) Lungs
(2) Intestines
3. Characterized by shapes and arrangements
a) Arrangements
(1) Simple
(a) Single layer of cells
(2) Stratified
(a) Layers of cells piled one on top of the other
(b) Only bottom (basal) layer is attached to basement membrane; free-end is facing lumen or body surface
(3) Pseudostratified
(a) Each cell attached to basement membrane, but not all cell reach the lumen or surface
b) Shapes
(1) Squamous
(a) Tile-shaped cells
(2) Cuboidal
(a) Cube-shaped cells
(3) Columnar
(a) Rectangle-shaped cells
III. Connective Tissues
A. Introduction
1. Cells are usually widely separated by a extracellular matrix
2. Function
a) Connect tissues and body structures
3. Characterized by cell type and extracellular matrix
B. Types of connective tissues
1. Loose Connective Tissue
a) Functions
(1) Holds organs in place
(2) Binds epithelial layers to other tissues
b) Cells
(1) Fibroblasts
c) Extracellular matrix
(1) Collagen
(a) High tensile strength
(2) Elastic fibers
(a) Reshapes tissue (stretches and recoils)
(3) Reticular fibers
(a) Form framework around cells and for organs
2. Fibrous Connective Tissue
a) Functions
(1) Tissue of very strong tensile strength
(2) Form tendons and ligaments
(a) Tendons connect muscle to bones
(b) Ligaments connect bones to bones
b) Cells
(1) Fibroblasts
c) Extracellular matrix
(1) Contains large numbers of collagenous fibers closely packed together
3. Adipose tissue
a) Functions
(1) Store fat
(2) Insulates
(3) Cushions
b) Cells
(1) Adipocytes
c) Extracellular matrix
(1) Thin layer of reticular fibers
4. Cartilage
a) Functions
(1) Flexibility
(2) Flexible support
(3) Cushions
b) Cells
(1) Chondrocytes
c) Extracellular matrix
(1) Chondrin
5. Bone
a) Functions
(1) Support
(2) Protection
(3) Mineral storage
(4) Blood formation
b) Cells
(1) Osteocytes
(a) Maintains bone
(2) Osteoclasts
(a) Degrades bone
(3) Osteoblasts
(a) Forms bone
c) Extracellular matrix
(1) Collagen mineralized with calcium salts
6. Blood
a) Functions
(1) Gas exchange
(2) Nutrient delivery
(3) Waste removal
(4) Immunity
b) Cells
(1) Erythrocytes
(a) Delivers oxygen from lungs to body cells
(2) Leukocytes
(a) Help fight infections
(3) Thrombocytes
(a) Help in blood clotting
c) Extracellular matrix
(1) Plasma
(a) Aqueous solution containing dissolved salts, glucose, urea, vitamins, and proteins
IV. Muscular Tissue
A. Skeletal muscle
1. Function
a) Voluntary movement of skeleton
2. Characteristics
a) Striated
b) Non-branched
c) Multinucleated
(1) Syncytium
d) Voluntary
B. Smooth muscle
1. Function
a) Slow, long term involuntary contraction of organs and vessels
2. Characteristics
a) No striations
b) Cells spindle-shaped (non-branched)
c) Uninucleated
d) Involuntary
C. Cardiac muscle
1. Function
a) Heart contraction for blood pumping
2. Characteristics
a) Slightly striated
b) Branched cells
c) Involuntary
d) Uninucleated
V. Nervous Tissue
A. Function
1. Conducts electrical impulses
2. Composed of neurons and neuroglial cells
a) Dendrites and axons or neurons are termed nerve fibers and many together make up a nerve
B. Neuron
1. Consists of 3 parts
a) Cell body
(1) Contains the nucleus
b) Dendrites
(1) Conduct impulses to the cell body
c) Axon
(1) Conducts impulses away from the cell body
C. Neuroglial cells
1. Provide support, protection, and nourishment to the neurons