2. on the Skeleton Below Use Colour Coding Circles to Shade In

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

1.1 / The skeleton – answers

2. On the skeleton below use colour coding circles to shade in:

© Pearson Education Ltd 2008 19

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

1.2 / The structure of a long bone – answers

2. Using the terms above, write a paragraph to describe the structure of a long bone.

Interpret students own answer

Definition / Term
99% of the store of this mineral is found in bone – it keeps bone hard and strong. / calcium
The shaft of a long bone. / diaphysis
A connective tissue found in the spaces inside bone that is the site of blood cell production and fat storage. / bone marrow
A thin layer of glassy-smooth substance that covers the end of long bones to prevent friction and wear and tear. / articular cartilage
A fibrous protein with great strength that is the main component of bone. / collagen
The end portion of a long bone that flares out. / epiphysis
Also called the epiphyseal plate, this is the area of growing bone found in children and adolescents; it can be easily injured. / growth plate

© Pearson Education Ltd 2008 19

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

1.3 / Joints and movement – answers

Complete the following table by:

• naming the joints of the upper and lower limbs

• identifying the joint type

• listing the articulating bones

• naming and illustrating (using stick men/women) the joint movements that occur at the joint.

UPPER LIMB
Illustration / Joint name / Joint type / Articulating bones / Movements possible
/ Shoulder / Ball and socket / Head of humerous with glenoid fossa of scapula / Flexion
Extension
Horizontal flexion
Horizontal extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Elbow / Hinge / Humerus, radius, ulna / Flexion
Extension
Radio-ulnar / Pivot / Radius, ulna / Pronation
Wrist / Condyloid / Radius, ulna, carpals / Flexion*
Extension

© Pearson Education Ltd 2008 19

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

LOWER LIMB
Illustration / Joint name / Joint type / Articulating bones / Movements possible
/ Hip / Ball and socket / Head of femur with acetabulum of pelvis / Flexion**
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Knee / Hinge / Femur, tibia / Flexion
Extension
Ankle / Hinge / Tibia, fibula, talus / Doriflexion***
Plantar flexion
SPINE
Illustration / Joint Type / Example of where it is found in the spine / Articulating bones / Movements possible
/ Pivot / Between the atlas and the axis / Vertebrae / Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Lateral flexion
Gliding / Between the bony processes of adjacent vertebrae
Cartilaginous / Between the body’s of adjacent vertebrae

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

1.4 / Muscles of the body – answers

1. Label the major muscles of the body in the diagram below.

2. Write a paragraph to explain how an agonist and antagonist muscle work together to produce coordinated movement. Give two different examples from sport to illustrate your answer.

example 1:

example 2:

3. (a) List the four rotator cuff muscles.

(b) What role do the rotator cuff muscles play?

4. (a) Name two important muscles of the trunk that help maintain good posture.

(b) What do you understand by the term core stability and why is it so important?

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

5. Complete the missing information in the following table.

Joint / Joint Movement / Agonist / Antagonist
Wrist / wrist flexors
Radio-ulnar / pronator teres
elbow / extension
shoulder / flexion
shoulder / middle deltoid
spine / extension
hip / iliopsoas
hip / abduction
knee / biceps femoris
semiteninosus
semimembranosus
ankle / gastrocnemius

6. Select six muscles from the table in question 5 and describe where on the body they are located.

Name of muscle Location on body

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

1.5 / The role of muscular contraction – answers

1. Complete the sentences below by filling in the missing information using the words listed.

isotonic isometric stops concentric
shortening controls lengthening

When there is no movement of a joint when tension is developed in a muscle, this is called
contraction, which joint movement.

contraction of a muscle results in the muscle producing joint movement. There are two types:
contraction causes joint movement and involves the muscle while developing tension. Eccentric contraction joint movement and involves the muscle while developing tension.

2. Using the sit-up as an example, describe in your own words the type of muscular contraction occurring in the rectus abdominis during:

(i) the upward phase and (ii) downward phase.

(i) Upward phase

(ii) Downward phase

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

3. Look at the diagrams below that show different strengthening exercises. For each exercise identify:

• the muscle being worked at the joint specified

• the type of muscular contraction occurring in the upward phase

• the type of muscular contraction occurring in the lowering phase.

Exercise / Working muscle / Type of contraction in upward phase / Type of contraction in lowering phase

Shoulder press / Elbow joint
Biceps curls / Elbow joint

Leg curls / Knee joint

Chin ups / Shoulder joint

Sit ups / Hip joint

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

1.6 / The impact of different types of physical activity on the skeletal and muscular systems – answers

The diagram below shows an adolescent boy who is hoping to become an elite performer in rugby union when he is a little older.

1. Using colour-coded circles, identify where on his body he could be susceptible to the following bone, joint and muscle disorders:

osteoporosis

growth plate injury

osteoarthritis

joint stability problems

posture and alignment issues

AS PE for OCR Teacher Resource File 2nd Edition 1 The skeletal and muscular systems

2. Identify which of the conditions listed on the previous page could be caused as a result of a sudden impact at any time and which could be caused as a result of general wear and tear in the future:

Sudden impact Wear and tear

3. To look after their potential elite performers, individual governing bodies have devised models for long-term athletic development (LTAD). Research an LTAD model for a governing body of your choice and outline the main objectives and guidelines below.

Compare your finding with somebody else in your group who has researched an LTAD model from a different governing body. What are the common features?