AP Biology Midterm Exam Review

AP Biology Midterm Exam Review

1. Know what the following organelles are used for in the cell:

Ribosomes

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Vacuole

Mitochondria

2. The Golgi body has both a cis and a trans side. Know the significance of this structural arrangement.

3. Which organelles in both plant and animal cells containtheir own DNA and ribosomes? Which organelle only found in plants also contains its own DNA and ribosomes?

4. What are the internal components of chloroplasts?

5. Which organic molecules make up the majority of the cell membrane?

6. What is the difference between integral proteins and peripheral proteins?

7. What is the role of glycoproteins on the cell membrane?

8. Be able to explain the factors that affect the ability of substances to pass through cell membranes.

9. Be able to define and contrast diffusion and osmosis.

10. What are the structures that water uses to quickly pass through the cell membrane?

11. Be able to define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic and use the concepts to predict movement of water and substances across a semipermeable membrane.

12. What is equilibrium? Does water and other substances stop moving during equilibrium?

13. What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic? What is the difference between endergonic and exergonic (show energy graphs)? How are catabolic and anabolic processes related to endergonic and exergonic reactions?

14. What is delta G? How does negative and positive delta G relate to endergonic and exergonic reactions?

15. What is energy coupling?

16. When work is done by an organism, what is the ultimate fate of the energy used to do the work?

17. What are catalysts? How do enzymes fit into the definition of catalysts? What do enzymes do to the speed of the reaction? How do they do this? Please draw an energy graph that explains this.

18. What are the three stages of cell signaling and what is the point of each of the three?

19. What is a ligand and what does its binding to a receptor do to the receptor?

20. Be able to explain how G protein coupled receptors and ion receptor channels work.

21. Be able to draw out the cell cycle and explain the major things that occur during G1, S, G2, M, and G0.

23. Be able to discuss the major events that occur in each stage of mitosis.

24. What are second messengers? What is their role in cell signal transduction? What are two examples of common second messengers?

25. What is unique about mitosis in plant cells that does not occur in animal cells?

26. Know the roles of cyclin and Cdk in the control of the cell cycle.

27. When given the formula for water potential, be able to calculate the water potential of different solutions and predict which direction water will flow. You will be given the constants. You should bring a calculator for this test.