BIOLOGY 1st semester Exam Study Guide Name ______
Section 1: Select appropriate laboratory glassware balances, time measuring equipment, and optical instruments to conduct an experiment.
Use the following information to answer questions 1 – 4:
A scientist testing the effects of a chemical on flower production sprays one flower bed. A second flower bed does not receive the chemical. Over several weeks, the number of flowers that bloom on each plant in each flower bed is counted.
1. What is the independent (manipulated) variable in the experiment?
2. What is the control group in the experiment?
3. The flower bed sprayed with the chemical yields an average of 20 flowers by plant, the other flower bed yields an average of 10 flowers per plant. Based on the data, what should the scientist’s conclusion be?
4. In order for the flower experiment to be valid scientifically, what must be kept the same between each flower bed?
5. “Trust your instincts” is NOT considered a safety procedure. Why? What/whom should be consulted if in doubt?
6. A possible answer to a question, or an educated guess, is a ______.
7. In most stable desert environments, a particular species of lizard found are all female. However, when there are extremely long periods of drought, or extremely high temperatures, male versions of the lizards can be found. A scientist predicts that females are able to morph into male versions of the species during unfavorable environmental conditions. This statement would be a ______. Why? What would be the next step?
8. Which units are used for measuring the mass of an object?
9. Name this piece of equipment. 10. Name this piece of equipment.
11. The part of the experiment in which all parts are kept the same, so it can be used for comparison, is the ____.
12. What type of measurement could be taken with this piece of lab equipment?
Section 2: Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, and endocytosis.
13. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of ______concentration to an area of ______concentration.
14. Enzymes are classified as which type of organic compound?
15. Which group of organic compounds is used as a quick energy source, a structural component and some energy storage?
16. What would happen if an animal cell were placed in a fluid that contained less salt than the cell? Explain.
17. Placing wilted lettuce in cold water will make it crisp again. Why?
18. Which cell process will move substances against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy?
19. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called ______.
20. Whenever water diffuses through a semi permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration, this is called ______.
21. When no energy is required for the molecules to move, such as in diffusion and osmosis, this is called ______.
22. The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal balance and stability by adjusting its physiological processes is known as: ______.
23. Describe the cell membrane.
24. Why will an animal cell burst when in a hypotonic solution, while a plant cell will not?
25. Complete the table:
Solution Type / Hypertonic / Hypotonic / IsotonicWater moves ….. because …….
What happens to cell?
Section 3: Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables.
26. An instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image is a(an) ______.
27. Which type of cell best completes the concept map? Explain.
Ribosome / Cell Wall / Chloroplast / Nuclear membrane / Cell MembraneCell A / √ / √ / √ / √ / √
Cell B / √ / √ / √
Cell C / √ / √ / √
Cell D / √ / √ / √ / √
28. Which of the cells characterized in the chart is a prokaryotic cell? Explain.
29. Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because of the presence of one primary structure. What structure would this be? Explain.
30 – 33: Describe the function of each organelle.
30. / nucleus31. / chloroplast
32. / vacuole
33. / lysosome
34. Identify #1 and #2 above and their function.
35. Which organelle is the “powerhouse” of the cell? What does this mean?
36. Short hair-like projections on a cell’s surface that beat like tiny oars to propel the organism through fluids are called ______.
37. A long whip of a tail-like projection on a cell’s surface that functions in locomotion is a ______.
38. All of the internal membrane-bound structures in a cell are called ______.
Section 4: Identify reactants and products associated with photosynthesis and cellular respiration and the purposes of these two processes.
39. What are the reactants in the process of photosynthesis?
40. What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
41. Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to ______.
Use the following information to answer questions 42-44.
A student prepared two beakers with identical sprigs of a water plant as shown below. She placed one beaker in the shade and the other beaker beside a fluorescent lamp. She then systematically changed the distance of the beaker from the lamp. She counted the bubbles given off by each sprig of the water plant. Shown here is the graph of the data for the beaker she placed in the light.
42. Look at the figure. If the student later tested the air bubbles collected in the test tube, what would she find they are made of?
43. Look at the graph in the figure. At what distance from the light source was the greatest number of bubbles produced?
44. Look at the graph in the figure. What do the student’s data show?
45. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic respiration?
46. If you compare photosynthesis and respiration, how could you most accurately describe the two processes?
47. The green pigment found in plants that is necessary for photosynthesis is ______.
48. The process of breaking down glucose carried on by all living organisms is ______.
49. Write the equation for cellular respiration in formulas.
50. Write the equation for photosynthesis in formulas.
51. Write the equation for cellular respiration in words.
52. Write the equation for photosynthesis in fwords.
Section 5: Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction, growth, and repair of cells.
53. Cell division during which chromosomes are equally distributed into two identical cells, resulting in growth, is called ______.
54. Any reproductive process in which male and female gametes (sex cells) fuse together to form a new organism is called ______reproduction.
55. The diploid (2N) number of chromosomes for humans is ______.
56. The sex cells (egg and sperm) of an animal are also called ______.
57. Meiosis occurs only in ______cells.
58. Two identical diploid cells are produced by the process of (mitosis / meiosis).
59. Four genetically different haploid cells are produced by the process of (mitosis / meiosis).
60. A cell with 2 of each kind of chromosome represented as 2N is (haploid / diploid).
61. A cell with 1 of each kind of chromosome represented as 1N is (haploid / diploid).
62. What is the name of the process that occurs during prophase I of Meiosis and is shown below?
63. Gametes are produced by the process of ______.
64. The image illustrates what phase of mitosis?
65. If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is _____.
66. The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide is the ______.
67. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
68. What is the correct order for the diagrams in the figure?
69. List three reasons that mitosis occurs.
1.
2.
3.
Section 6: Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein.
70. Which sugar and four nitrogen bases are found in DNA?
71. Which nitrogen base is found in RNA that is not found in DNA?
72. Genes contain instructions for assembling ______.
73. Before a cell goes through mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus?
74. A segment of a DNA strand has the following bases: TAC GAT
What is the complementary strand of DNA?
75. Study the nucleotide sequence below. What is the complementary strand of RNA?
ACGCAGT
76. Which part of a cell is the site of protein synthesis?
77. The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself is known as ______.
78. Name the base pairs in DNA.