The Cold War: 1970s & 80s Vocabulary
Africa
1. African National Congress (p. 425) – a political organization created in 1912 to oppose white domination in South Africa. The group protested through marches, boycotts, and strikes.
2. Apartheid (G)– policy of strict racial separation in South Africa; abolished in 1989.
3. Desmond Tutu (p. 624) – an Anglican Bishop who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid in South Africa.
4. F.W. De Klerk (p. 624) –was elected president of South Africa in 1989. He called for an end to apartheid and freed Nelson Mandela in 1990.
5. Nelson Mandela (pp. 623-624) – a leader in the African National Congress who was imprisoned from 1964 – 1990. He became president of South Africa in 1994, after apartheid ended.
Cambodia
6. Khmer Rouge (pp. 572-573) – were Cambodian Communist guerillas that unleashed a reign of terror under Pol Pot.
7. Pol Pot (p. 572-573)– was the leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. He killed over one million Cambodians throughout the 1970s.
China
8. Deng Xiaoping (pp. 562-563) – was the leader of China during the 1980s. He was known for strengthening China’s economy through the Four Modernizations.
9. Four Modernizations (pp. 562-563) – The Chinese economic reform program under Deng Xiaoping that emphasized agriculture, industry, science, and defense.
10. Tiananmen Square Massacre (pp. 563-564) – In 1989, demonstrators peacefully assembled to push for greater democracy in China and were attacked by government troops and tanks.
Europe
11. European Union (E.U.) (530) – a trade organization of Western European countries built on the idea of economic cooperation and use of the euro.
India
12. Indira Gandhi (pp. 581-582) – was the prime minister of India who led several reform movements and was assassinated in 1983.
13. Nonaligned (G) – not allied with any side in a conflict.
Middle East
14. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (p. 596) – was the revolutionary Islamic fundamentalist leader of Iran who came to power in 1979.
15. Hamas (p. 599) - a radical Islamic group active in Palestine.
16. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Nations (O.P.E.C.) ( p. 328)– oil producing countries in the Middle East and other areas that maximize their profits through cooperation and by controlling the world’s oil supply.
17. Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.) (p. 598) - A group formed in 1964 that represents Palestinian nationalists and was dedicated to the destruction of Israel.
18. Shah Reza Pahlavi (pp. 594-596) – was the leader of Iran from 1953 – 1979. He had western support but faced opposition in Iran.
Nicaragua
19. Contras (G) – guerrillas who fought against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
20. Daniel Ortega (p. 644) – was the leader of the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. He introduced Socialist reforms in Nicaragua.
21. Sandinistas (p. 644) – A group of reform-minded revolutionaries who overthrew the Nicaraguan government in 1979.
Poland
22. Lech Walesa (p. 548) – leader of Solidarity that helped Poland gain independence from the Soviet Union, later became president of Poland in 1990.
23. Solidarity (p. 548) – An independent trade union, that worked for political change in Poland.
Soviet Union
24. Détente (G) – Easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s.
25. Glasnost (G) – policy of openness instituted by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s.
26. Mikhail Gorbachev (p. 544) – was the last Communist leader of the Soviet Union. He is known for his work to end Cold War tensions, and changing the Soviet government and economy.
27. Perestroika (G) – restructuring of the Soviet government and economy in the 1980s.
The Cold War: 1970s & 80s Vocabulary
Africa
1. African National Congress (p. 425) –
2. Apartheid (G)–
3. Desmond Tutu (p. 624) –
4. F.W. De Klerk (p. 624) –
5. Nelson Mandela (pp. 623-624) –
Cambodia
6. Khmer Rouge (pp. 572-573) –
7. Pol Pot (p. 572-573)–
China
8. Deng Xiaoping (pp. 562-563) –
9. Four Modernizations (pp. 562-563) –
10. Tiananmen Square Massacre (pp. 563-564) –
Europe
11. European Union (E.U.) (530) –
India
12. Indira Gandhi (pp. 581-582) –
13. Nonaligned (G) –
Middle East
14. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (p. 596) –
15. Hamas (p. 599) –
16. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Nations (O.P.E.C.) ( p. 328)–
17. Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.) (p. 598) -
18. Shah Reza Pahlavi (pp. 594-596) –
Nicaragua
19. Contras (G) –
20. Daniel Ortega (p. 644) –
21. Sandinistas (p. 644) –
Poland
22. Lech Walesa (p. 548) –
23. Solidarity (p. 548) –
Soviet Union
24. Détente (G) –
25. Glasnost (G) –
26. Mikhail Gorbachev (p. 544) –
27. Perestroika (G) –