Human Anatomy
Lecture Exam I Review Sheet
Chapter 1- An Introduction to the Human Body
1. Define anatomy and physiology.
2. What are the levels of structural organization of a human being? Give examples. What are the 4 types of tissue? List the organ systems present in the human body.
3. Name and describe the 6 life processes of a human.
4. What is homeostasis? Why is it important? What happens if homeostasis is off balance? How is it controlled?
5. What are the 3 components of a feedback loop? Contrast negative and positive feedback loops. Give examples of each.
6. Describe the anatomical position. Know the common regional names of the body. Know planes and sections and major directional terms. Is the knee distal to the foot?
7. What is found in the dorsal body cavity? What are the 2 divisions of the ventral body cavity? What structure divides them?
8. What is found in the pleural cavities, mediastinum, and thoracic cavity?
9. What is the purpose of a serous membrane? What are the 2 layers of this membrane? Name the largest serous membrane in the body.
Chapter 3- The Cellular Level of Organization
1. What is the plasma membrane made out of? Why is it described as a fluid mosaic model?
2. What are the 2 types of proteins found in the plasma membrane? What type of protein is a transmembrane protein?
3. What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
4. Contrast active transport with passive transport. Which one requires ATP?
5. Define diffusion. Define osmosis.
6. Describe the 3 types of endocytosis. Which type is specific? What is exocytosis?
7. What are the 3 types of filaments that compose the cytoskeleton? What are their respective building blocks?
8. What is the function of the centrosome?
9. What is the function of ribosomes? Where are they located?
10. Know the function and basic anatomy of all the cellular organelles.
11. What is found in the nucleus? What is the function of the nucleolus?
Chapter 5- Integumentary System
1. Name the 3 layers of skin starting with the most superficial.
2. What cells are found in the epidermis and what are their functions? What is the main cell type? Name the layers of the epidermis beginning with the deepest layer. In what type of skin do you find the stratum lucidum?
3. Describe the process of keratinization.
4. What structures are found in the dermis? Name the 2 major regions of the dermis. What do you find in each region?
5. Do people with dark skin have more melanocytes than people with light skin? What other pigments contribute to skin color?
6. What are epidermal derivatives? Describe the anatomy of a hair. What is the function of the arrector pili muscle? What are some functions of hair? Describe the location and function of skin glands. What is the eponychium and lunula?
7. Where do you find thin and thick skin? What is the difference between the 2 types of skin?
8. Discuss the functions of skin.
9. Describe the 3 different types of skin burns.
Chapter 6- The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
1. List the functions of bone.
2. Describe the anatomy of a long bone. Give an example of a long bone. What is bone tissue made up of? What is the matrix?
3. Name the four bone cells and list their functions. Which one is not related to the others?
4. Describe the 2 types of bone. Where are they located? Do they both consist of Haversian systems/osteons?
5. What is the function of the epiphyseal plate? List the 4 layers of cartilage in this plate and describe what is occurring in each.
6. How do bones grow? Are bones capable of appositional growth?
7. What 2 cells are involved in bone remodeling?
8. What 2 hormones regulate blood calcium levels? How do they work?
9. Why is exercise good for bone tissue?
10. Describe 3 diseases of bone. What are the causes of these diseases?
Chapter 7- The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
1. Name the bones of the Axial Skeleton and know their locations. Name the 5 different types of bone.
2. Which bone resembles a bat (mammal)? Which bone forms the forehead?
3. Which bones form the nasal septum? Name the sutures of the skull and know what bones they unite.
4. What is another name for a “soft spot”? Which bone does not articulate with any other bone in the body?
5. How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?
Chapter 8-The Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton
1. Name and locate the bones of the appendicular skeleton.
2. What three bones fuse to form the hip bone (os coxa)? Describe the differences between the male and female pelvis.