Human Anatomy & Physiology, 9e (Marieb/Hoehn)
Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
19.1 Matching Questions
Figure 19.1
Using Figure 19.1, match the following:
1) Sinusoid capillary.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 697; Fig. 19.3
2) Capillary found in endocrine organs that allows hormones to gain rapid entry into the blood.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697; Fig. 19.3
3) Capillary with intercellular clefts found in the skin and muscles.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697; Fig. 19.3
4) Capillary that may contain Kupffer cells in the lining.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697; Fig. 19.3
5) Capillary found where active capillary absorption of filtrate occurs.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697; Fig. 19.3
Figure 19.2
Using Figure 19.2, match the following:
6) Splenic vein.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 743; Fig. 19.29
7) Superior mesenteric vein.
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 743; Fig. 19.29
8) Inferior mesenteric vein.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 743; Fig. 19.29
9) Hepatic portal vein.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 743; Fig. 19.29
10) Right gastroepiploic vein.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 743; Fig. 19.29
Match the following:
A) Renal artery
B) Common hepatic artery
C) Aorta
D)Inferior mesenteric artery
E)Internal iliac artery
11) Largest artery of the body.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 724
12) Supplies the kidney.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 732; Tbl. 19.7
13) Supplies the duodenum and stomach.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 731; Tbl. 19.7
14) Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 732; Tbl. 19.7
15) Supplies pelvic structures.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 734; Tbl. 19.8
16) Artery that does not anastomose.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 699
Answers: 11) C 12) A 13) B 14) D 15) E16) A
Match the following:
A)Brachiocephalic trunk
B)Radial artery
C) Celiac trunk
D) External iliac artery
E) Internal carotid artery
17) Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 724; Tbl. 19.4
18) Supplies a lower limb.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 724; Tbl. 19.4
19) Common site to take the pulse.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710
20) Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 726
21) Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 731
Answers: 17) A 18) D 19) B 20) E 21) C
Match the following:
A)Subclavian vein
B)Axillary artery
C) Pulmonary trunk
D) Superior vena cava
E) External jugular vein
22) Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 736; Tbl. 19.9
23) Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 722
24) Drains the scalp.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 738; Tbl. 19.10
25) Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 728; Tbl. 19.6
26) Drains an upper extremity, a deep vein.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 736; Tbl. 19.9
Answers: 22) D 23) C 24) E 25) B 26) A
Match the following:
A)Brachial artery
B) Superior mesenteric artery
C) Femoral artery
D) Great saphenous vein
E) Pulmonary vein
27) Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 728
28) Major artery of the thigh.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 734
29) Supplies the small intestine.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 732
30) Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 722
31) Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 744
Answers: 27) A 28) C 29) B 30) E 31) D
Match the following:
A)Large veins
B)Capillaries
C)Arterioles
D) Large arteries
32) Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 696
33) Site where exchanges of food and gases are made.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 696
34) Site where blood pressure is lowest.
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 702-704
35) Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 711-12; Fig19.14
36) Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 711-12; Fig19.14
37) Site where the blood volume is greatest.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 699; Tbl. 19.5
38) Site where the blood pressure is greatest.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 703
39) Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 696
Answers: 32) C 33) B 34) A 35) D 36) B37) A 38) D 39) C
Match the following:
A)Circulatory shock
B)Vascular shock
C) Cardiogenic shock
D) Hypovolemic shock
40) Results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 717
41) Due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 717
42) Normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 717
43) Due to large-scale blood loss
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 717
Answers: 40) C 41) A 42) B 43) D
19.2 True/False Questions
1) The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 712
2) Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 722-723
3) Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 716
4) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 727
5) The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 693
6) The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 696
7) Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 711
8) A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 698
9) The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 707
10) Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 693
11) The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 723
12) Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 717
13) The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 699
14) An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and neck to the heart.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 736; Tbl. 19.9
15) Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 699
16) An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 702
17) The azygos vein originates in the abdomen.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 740
18) Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 716-717
19.3 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
A) cardiac output
B) peripheral resistance
C) emotional state
D) blood volume
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 704
2) Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
A) ADH
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) angiotensin II
D) nitric acid
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 707
3) Which statement best describes arteries?
A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.
B) All carry blood away from the heart.
C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 693
4) The most common type of blood capillary is the ______.
A) sinusoidal capillary
B) continuous capillary
C) fenestrated capillary
D) distributing capillary
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 697
5) Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ______.
A) arterioles
B) arteries
C) veins
D) capillaries
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 696
6) Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?
A) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing.
B) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.
C) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together.
D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 742
7) The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ______.
A) elastic arteries
B) muscular arteries
C) arterioles
D) capillaries
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 696
8) Aldosterone will ______.
A) promote an increase in blood pressure
B) promote a decrease in blood volume
C) result in a larger output of urine
D) decrease sodium reabsorption
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 709-710
9) The pulse pressure is ______.
A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
D) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 703
10) Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
A) cold, clammy skin
B) increased heart rate
C) rapid, thready pulse
D) rapidly falling blood pressure
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 717; Fig. 19.18
11) Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
A) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
B) The skin will be cold and clammy.
C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
D) Blood flow to the kidneys increases.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 713-714
12) Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
A) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.
B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 696
13) Which of the following is true about veins?
A) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.
B) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
C) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.
D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 698-699
14) Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
A) neural controls
B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes
C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
D) renal regulation
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 708
15) Peripheral resistance ______.
A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases
C) increases as blood viscosity increases
D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 702
16) Brain blood flow autoregulation ______.
A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level
B) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure
C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 714-715
17) Blood flow to the skin ______.
A) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
B) increases when environmental temperature rises
C) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
D) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 715
18) Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
B) hydrostatic pressure only
C) blood volume and viscosity
D) plasma and formed element concentration
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 716-717
19) Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
A) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
D) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 717
20) Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
A) tunica intima
B) tunica media
C) tunica externa
D) tunica adventitia
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 693
21) The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ______.
A) the only factor that influences resistance
B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 702
22) The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ______.
A) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis
B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
D) always fatal
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 717
23) In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ______.
A) and osmotic pressure are the same
B) is the same as capillary blood pressure
C) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
D) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 716
24) Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
A) blood viscosity
B) total blood vessel length
C) blood vessel diameter
D) blood vessels type
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 702
25) The term ductus venosus refers to ______.
A) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs
B) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
C) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity
D) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 745
26) Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?
A) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.
B) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.
C) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.
D) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 703
27) Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
A) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells
B) gas exchange in the lungs
C) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
D) blood clotting
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 711-712
28) Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
A) activity
B) postural changes
C) emotions
D) the vessel selected to palpate
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710
29) Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
A) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle
B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
C) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
D) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 722-723
30) Histologically, the ______is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
A) tunica intima
B) tunica media
C) tunica externa
D) tunica adventitia
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 693
31) The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ______.
A) muscular arteries
B) elastic arteries
C) arterioles
D) venules
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 696
32) Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?
A) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.
B) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.
C) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.
D) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 697
33) Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ______.
A) fenestrations
B) sinusoids
C) thoroughfare channels
D) anastomoses
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 697
34) Factors that aid venous return include all except ______.
A) activity of skeletal muscles
B) pressure changes in the thorax
C) venous valves
D) urinary output
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 703-704
35) Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
A) 120/80 in a 30-year-old man
B) 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman
C) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man
D) 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 710
36) Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
A) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.
B) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.
C) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.
D) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 701-702
37) Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ______.
A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers
B) the dural sinus reflex
C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction
D) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 704-710
38) The velocity of blood flow is ______.
A) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
B) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
C) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 712
39) Select the correct statement about blood flow.
A) It is relatively constant through all body organs.
B) It is measured in mm Hg.
C) It is greatest where resistance is highest.
D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 701
40) A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ______.
A) left side of the head and neck
B) myocardium of the heart
C) left upper arm