DISSERTATION PAPER ON: “ Malaria Epidemiology on Jalpaiguri District Applying Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System ”.
SUBMITTER BY:
NAME: SANTANU DUTTA
ROLL NO-16
SESION:2005 -06
SUPERVISED BY:
DR.SUSHMA ROHATGI
CENTRE FOR REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION,N.B.U
CONTENTS:
CHAPTER NO NAME PAGE NO.
LIST OF MAPS 1.(i)
LIST OF TABLES 1.(ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
PREFACE 3-4
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 5-11
CHAPTER II REMOTE SENSING & GIS- A
VISIONARY TOOL IN MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY 12-19
CHAPTER III THE DISEASE: MALARIA & IT’S HISTORY 20-37
CHAPTER IV GEO ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF JALPAIGURI 38-45
DISTRICT.
CHAPTER V DISTRIBUTIONAL ASPECT OF MALARIA 46-49
CHAPTER VI SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION & TREND OF MALARIA
IN JALPAIGURI DISTRICT 50-66
CHAPTER VII NATIONAL MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME 67-71
CHAPTER VIII MALARIA CONTROLM ACTION PLAN IN 72-88
JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
CONCLUSION
REFERRANCE
APPENDIX
LIST OF MAPS: -
1. LOCATION MAP.
2. BLOCK MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
3. HEALTH STATUS OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
4. LAND USE MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
5. SETTLEMENT MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
6. MALARIA POSITIVE RATE IN THREE YEARS IN JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
7. IRRIGATION & HYDROLOGY MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
8. REGIONWISE A.P.I MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
9. POPULATION MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
10. YEARWISE ANNUAL PARASITIC INCIDENCE MAP OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
11. SPECIESWISE MALARIA POSITIVE RATE IN JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
LIST OF TABLES:
1. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS FOR MALARIA SURVEILLANCE
2. DEGREE OF ENDEMICITY & SPLEEN RATE
3. TREND OF MALARIA CASE & DEATHS IN INDIA.
4. BLOCKWISE & YEARWISE MALARIA POSITIVE CASES IN DIFFERENT BLOCKS OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
5. REGIOWISE ANNUAL PARASITIC INCIDENCE.
6. IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH RISK AREAS.
7. AGE & SEXWISE DEATH REPORT OF MALARIA IN JALPAIGURI.
8. EXAMPLE OF CORRELATION TABLE.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The format of the project has been designed to cover such important areas operating to malaria as its scientific aspects, history, global position, position in India, & position in West Bengal with special reference to JALPAIGURI.malaria control & eradication programmes. On the basis of the study, the researcher has recorded their findings & ultimately attempted to suggest remedial measures & make maps of malaria epidemiology to control the malaria in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.
I was inspired to go through a book by SAROJINI PACHOLI, “MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF MALARIA IN MADHYA PRADESH”. It occurred to me that new vistas of enquiry might be found with respect to the health pf people even in the field of my own subject of specialization-ZOOLOGY. My curiosity found further, when I saw huge amount of deaths due to malaria in Jalpaiguri district in last few months. Then as a student of M.PHIL in REMOTE SENSING & GIS, I talked to my head of the department & Joint director & Academic coordinator DR.SUSHMA ROHATGI. This further encouraged me to request her to take the responsibility of supervising my project work, which she very kindly agreed to. Without her constant encouragement & guidance at all levels this work would not have seen the light of the day. I have no words to appropriately express my sense of gratitude to DR.SUSHMA ROHATGI.
In connection with my data collection campaign I had the good support of meeting Deputy Director Of Health Sastha Bhavan & Malaria Inspector Of Sastha Bhavan.
I am very obliged to Dr.Bishwajit Roy, ACMOH of Jalpaiguri Hospital, without his help, it was impossible to complete the work.
I am also grateful to CMOH of Jalpaiguri hospital. His inspiration gave a life to work in this field.
So, at last again I offer my sincere thanks to one & all.
PREFACE
Malaria is endemic in India. It has made people suffer for centuries and has claimed millions of life. The discovery of malaria parasite, nearly a century ago in Algiers by Lavarian; relationship of malaria parasite, Anopheline mosquito and man was found out in the last year of nineteenth century by Ronald Ross in India. Ever since the unending battle between man & is on. In 1939 after the insectisidal properties of DDT was discovered by Paul Muller, a new strategy began between the two. Venezuella was the first country to launch an eradication programme against malaria in 1945.In 1955, the Eighth World Health Assembly recommended the eradication of malaria as an international objective, following the reported development of resistance by the vector to the insecticides in many countries. The credit of co-ordinating the global campaign against malaria goes to the World Health Organization.
In India the fight against malaria was started in 1953 with the National Malaria Control Programme & before the vectors could develop resistance, the shift to the National Malaria Eradication was undertaken in 1958. Out of the 390 units, 250 units were declared free from this disease by 1966. Due to this phenomenal success it was thought that the country has nearly eradicated the disease. But as the efforts in this field slackened down the whole fortification turned turtle, of course due to various disease. The reappearance of malaria in many areas is bewildering the experts. The same is the case of West Bengal; the area of research of the present work is Jalpaiguri district. Jalpaiguri, the name is derived for Jalpai olive trees, which once abounded the town of Jalpaiguri. It is situated between 26º16’ & 27º0’ in the northern hemisphere. The easternmost extremity of the district is marked by 88º25'.The chief town & the administrative headquarters of the district & also of the Jalpaiguri division, is Jalpaiguri, situated on the west or the right bank of the Tista river in 26º32' north & 88º43' east. It contains total 2905.64 square miles area & a total 4108,048 souls population.
Jalpaiguri has undergone several administrative changes in its boundary & area in the past. The present status of the Jalpaiguri is the result of reorganization of boundary commissioner of Bengal in 1876.It contains total 13 blocks, of which the main focus of the research work is Alipurduar 1, Alipurduar 2 & Kalchini & few tea gardens in Alipurduar, which are malaria prone area.
The vicious circle of disease- low income, bushy area, poor health services, more disease & more poverty not only poses a problem of health & sanitation but also the welfare of the society at large. In order to avoid such a situation it seems pertinent to attempt an interdisciplinary study, which may help in safe guarding the health of the people.
Jalpaiguri is one of those districts of West Bengal where occurrence & recurrence of malaria has been reported on a large scale. This calls for serious diagnostic study. Since physical factors do contribute to the incidence of malaria & there may be various patterns of the prevalence of disease.
Chapter wise Description:
CHAPTER 1 deals with INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 deals with – REMOTE SENSING & GIS-A VISIONARY TOOL IN MALARIA EPIDEMIOLOGY.
CHAPTER 3 deals with – THE DISEASE: MALARIA & IT’S HISTORY.
CHAPTER 4 deals with – GEOENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
CHAPTER 5 deals with – DISTRIBUTIONAL ASPECT OF MALARIA.
CHAPTER 6 deals with – SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION & TREND OF MALARIA IN JALPAIGURI,WEST BENGAL.
CHAPTER 7 deals with – NATIONAL MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME.
CHAPTER 8 deals with – MALARIA CONTROL ACTION PLAN IN JALPAIGURI DISTRICT.
CHAPTER 1-
INTRODUCTION
(i)Problem:
Malaria history is not a new phenomenon of India. Some of the earliest references to this fever occur in the Atharva Veda believed to have been composed about 1500 B.C. Vndyke Carter & others verified the discovery of malarial parasite by Laveran in 1881 quickly in India, but it is not till later that minds of research workers began to be directed towards the association of the insects with disease. In India the fight against malaria was started in 1953 with the National Malaria Eradication Programme & before the vectors could develop resistance, the shift to the National Malaria Eradication was undertaken in 1958, Again that was converted into National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal is basically a malaria prone zone. The geographical status of this district ids mainly a causative phenomenon of this disease.
The GIS database used for relationship of health condition with land use and other spatial and non-spatial data of the district, which show positive relationship with poor health condition and tea garden belts than other part ofdistrict.
The primary causes of the poor health are –
(a) Poor drinking facility due to the contamination of ground and surface water and waste management of tea garden belts because do not have concert platform of tube well and deep tube well.
(b)Land use pattern, geomorphology, hydrology condition and drainage networks all are directly or indirectly related with marshy land which are more favorable condition for malaria disease.
The secondary cause of the poor health condition –
(a)Literacy
Literacy is one of the prime factors of human interference hazard and creating awareness. Health and literacy both are complementary step for better future. But unfortunately literacy rate is very poor in the tea garden area compare to the district. In recent census literacy rate is 63.62% in whole district where as 37.48% in tea garden area. Illiterate people do not know how to combat with the hazard.
(b)Lack of awareness
Being a backward district Jalpaiguri is confronted with a very major social problem which is a great concern for the programmed of eradication water-borne diseases like malaria, The entire problem is alarming in this region due to lack of awareness about their health. The rural families, majority of whom are living under the poverty line, they are aware about their sanitation
(c) Poverty
Poverty of the Tea Garden belt area:
More than 70% of the total populations in Tea garden area are working as daily-labourer. The percentage of Below Poverty Line (BPL) families have decreased from 62.01(1997) to 59.53 (2002) in all over the district. But the percentage of BPL families in Tea Garden area is 67.07%. Tea garden labourer gets minimum wage in relation to labourers of other spheres. The feudalistic character of tea garden management still treats them as their bonded labors.
For this reason huge amount of deaths are reported from this district during last four months. In order to avoid such a situation it seems pertinent to attempt an interdisciplinary study, which may help in safe guarding the health of the people.
(ii) Review of literature:
(Malaria incidence & vector density in relation to climetogical factors in Western Doon Valley, Uttaranchal).
A study on malaria incidence & vector density in relation to climetogical factors in Western Doon Valley in Uttaranchal, conducted by R.K.Mahesh & R.K.Jahuri during January 1999 to December 2002 revealed considerably high infection of P.vivax. The study was done on the basis of 2402 Anopheline mosquito specimens’ comprosing 10 different species of which A.stephensi recorded most no & then A.nigerrimus. During 1999 to December 2002 total 374 A.stephensi were collected & then 341 A.nigerrimus were collected.During these 6 years less amount of A.vagus were collected, which was only 46. But in case of yearwise analysis A.fluviatilis were mostly collected in the year 1999, A.subpictus were mostly collected in the year 2000. In the year 2001 & 2002,mostly dominent species were respectively A.nigerrimus & A.stephensi. According to the epidemiological data analysis it is clearly evident that July, August & September is the most peak period of malaria positive cases. Due to huge rainfall, July, August & September is the peak period of different Anophelines.
Basically according to the report of Singh(1984), A.culcifacies recorded most number in the month of September due to high incidence of Plasmodium vector during June to October.
On the other hand according to the report of Hati, Chatterjee & Biswas (1992), A.stephensi recorded most in the beginning of the monsoon & decreased after September & in the Winter & Summer few specimens were recorded in Calcutta. So it is clear that raise in density of species the number of malaria cases also increase.
So conclusively it can be interpreted that malaria incidence is totally depend on temperature & rainfall. This climatologically variation influence the breeding status of mosquito population. Plasmodium vivax recorded most from Jan-May & Plasmodium falciperum recorded most from April to June. So temperature is the key factor of the mosquito transmission.
(iii)Objectives:
The main objective of this work is Malaria endemicity zone mapping.of JALPAIGURI DISTRICT. This work will help to manipulate the area & interprets the affected area in in future.
(iv)Study area:
Jalpaiguri a district of the combined Rajshahi Kuch Bihar commissionership or division, is situated between 26°16’ & 27°in the northern hemisphere. He easternmost extremity of the district is marked by 88°25’. The chief town & the administrative headquarters of the district & also of the Jalpaiguri division, is Jalpaiguri, situated on the west or the right bank of the Tista river in 26°32’ north & 88°east. It contains total 2905.64 square miles area & total 4108,048 souls populations.
This district contains 13 blocks, namely, Sadar, Rajganj, Maynaguri, Dhupguri, Mal, Metali, Nagrakata, Falakata, Madarihat, Klachini, APD I, APDII & Kumargram. There are total 150 tea gardens in Jalpaiguri district.
Topography of this district and its environs is characterized by uneven elevation of this region varies form 62m to 350m. The altitude falls from 350m to above mean sea level at the foot of the Himalayas to 150m above mean sea level over a distance of 25km and then falls to about 60m above mean sea level over a distance 110 km further south. The climate of the area is characterized by a sub-topical & humid, the maximum, minimum temperature 370 C and 60C respectively. The average annual rainfall of this district is 3736mm.The storm rainfall is of hydro-meteorological significance causing inundation and flood of the area.
(v)Data source:
Data’s are collected from various sources namely:
(a) The Deputy Chief Medical Officer Of Health, Jalpaiguri.
(b) The Chief Medical Officer Of Health, Jalpaiguri.
(c) Sastha Bhavan, Kolkata.
(d) Website Of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme