Modern World
Crusades as an impetus
Reform: “return to pristine Islam” p. 438
Ibn Taymiyyah 1263-1328 “neo-Hanbali”-fought against Shia, Sufi excesses, taqlid, lack of ijtihad.
Also opposed non-Muslims sharply.
Wahhabi
Muhammad ibn al-Wahhab 1703-1792
Muhammad Āl Sa‘ūd
Takfir: “Those who do not share our views are kuffār”
Arabist; anti-Shii, anti Sufi—destroyed tomb of Muhammad, tombs in Najaf and Karbala, Sufi shrines.
“Sufi Jihad”
Usman don Fodio- 1754-1817—ruled in Nigeria 1804-1815
Muhammad al-Sanusi 1787-1859 – Libya—movement oriented towards reform and unity
Idris I of Libya r. 1951—1969 –grandson of Al-Sanusi
Muh. B. Ahmad al-Mahdi 1844-1885 Sudan—movement oriented towards a social and political order based on the Prophet. Companions called “ansar” and waged jihad on the Ottoman empire, and establishede a rule based on sharia.
Movements in Daghestan / Chechnyawith “Imam Shamil” 1797-1871.
Muhammad V –Morocco 1927-1957-Sufi shaykh and sharif.
Varieties of Islam
Ahmadi: based on teachings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1825-1908, in Qadian in Punjab
Mujadid of our time, incarnation of Vishnu, incarnation of Jesus, etc.
Jesus buried in Srinigar.
Considered Muslims by India, left for Pakistan, where they were considered non-Muslims
Bahais, Druzes—not mentioned in this context
Modernism
1798-Napoleon comes to Egypt
Ottoman reforms 1839, 1856), reforms of Muhammad Ali and others
Egypt:
Afghani (d. 1897), M. Abduh d. 1905
Al-Urwa al-wuthqa “firm handle” Q. 2:256-journal of Afghani and Abduh.
Abduh—became Shaykh al-Azhar, reformed Al-Azhar, taught Qur’n, modernistic approaches, secular as well as religious subjects.
Succeeded by Rashid Rida (d. 1935)
India:
Shah Wali Allah of Delhi 1702-1762—disciple of Abd al-Wahhad but a Sufi
Grandson, Ahmad Barelwi 1786-1831—jihad against British; if unsuccessful, make hijra to a place ruled by Muslims.
“Anglo-Muhammadan Law”
Muhammad Iqbal 1876-1938
Inner spirit moves all human civilization, argued for acquisition of Western philosophy and science, integrated int a “Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.”
Suggested to Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1876-1948 idea of Muslims autonomy in NW India
1941: Mawlana Sayyid Abu al-A’la Mawdudi: Islamic Society. Jammat-I Islami.
Turkey: Secularism
Kemal Ataturk
Egypt: “treatise on Imamate or Supreme Caliphate in which he argued for the establishment of an Islamic state that would be ruled by a council of jurists or religious scholars. Such a state would recognize nationalistic sentiments and aspirations but would subordinate them to the religio-political interest of the larger community. As this Islamic state remained theoretical and unrealized, Rida became increasingly nationalistic and traditional” Ayoub, in Oxtoby, 445.
1928: Hasan al-Banna 1906-1949—founds Muslim Brotherhood. Foundation of violence in the Brotherhood, although most clearly after Al-Banna assassinated in 1949.
1952—Free Officers Coup in Egypt, under Gamal Abd al-Nasser
Sayyid Qutb p. 445
Iran:
1979: Iranian Revolution. Ruhollah Khumayni 1901-1989. Khomeini sent into exile in 1963, inuprisings led by Shii Ulama.
Khomeini 448
Islam in Europe and America:
711, Ottomans, modern results from colonialism
Slaves to America
Nation of Islam Elijah Mohammed 1897-1975
Arkoun 453
Women’s status
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