Appendix
Appendix Figure A1: Current electricity potentials and conflicts with ecosystem services for wind turbines[TWh] in the four rural areas (cf. Fig. 1; Emmental, top left, Goms, top right, Surselva, bottom left, Val de Ruz, bottom right).* ES "Provision of food and fibre": low conflict with wind turbines on intensive agricultural land, strong conflict with forest.
Appendix Figure A2: Future electricity potentials and conflicts with ES for wind [TWh] according to the A2 land-change scenario in the four rural areas (cf. Fig. 1; Emmental, top left, Goms, top right, Surselva, bottom left, Val de Ruz, bottom right). * ES "Provision of food and fibre": low conflict with wind turbines on intensive agricultural land, strong conflict with forest.
Appendix Figure A3: Electricity potentials and conflicts with ES for wind [TWh] for the B2 land-change scenario in the four rural areas (cf. Fig. 1;Emmental, top left, Goms, top right, Surselva, bottom left, Val de Ruz, bottom right).* ES "Provision of food and fibre": low conflict with wind turbines on intensive agricultural land, strong conflict with forest.
Fig. A4: Electricity potentials and conflicts withES for wind turbines [TWh] for the Trend land-change scenario in the four rural areas (cf. Fig. 1; Emmental, top left, Goms, top right, Surselva, bottom left, Val de Ruz, bottom right). * ES "Provision of food and fibre": low conflict with wind turbines on intensive agricultural land, strong conflict with forest.
Table Appendix T1: Calculation of standardized ES maps and resulting conflict classes. ES values (left column) have been calculated by classifying the original data in the cumulative maps (right column) into four classes on a scale of "0" (ES not supplied) to "3" (high supply). For the ES “Physical and experiential interaction”, ”Habitat and gene pool protection”, and “Aesthetic aspects of landscapes”,the data have been re-classified using the "quantile" classification method in ArcGIS. Due to data constraints some classes deviate considerably from the target value of 33% (tertiles for the values 1-3). Classes for the ES “Provision of food and fiber” and “Heritage and symbolic content” follow the respective land use classes.
Standardized ES values / Relative area in % of Swiss territory / Value range of original indicator data (Table 2a,b) of the cumulative maps / Resulting conflict class when overlaid with LEEP areasES Physical and experiential interaction
0 / ES not supplied / 1.89 / 0 / noconflict
1 / lowsupply / 40.97 / 1-7 / lowconflict
2 / medium supply / 32.13 / 8-12 / strong conflict
3 / high supply / 25.01 / 13-76 / very strong conflict
Habitat and gene pool protection
0 / ES not supplied / 6.58 / 0 / noconflict
1 / lowsupply / 30.61 / 1-10 / lowconflict
2 / medium supply / 31.22 / 11-20 / strong conflict
3 / high supply / 31.60 / 21-90 / very strong conflict
Aesthetic aspects of landscapes
0 / ES not supplied / 3.82 / 0 / noconflict
1 / lowsupply / 21.12 / 1- 7 / lowconflict
2 / medium supply / 39.92 / 8 / strong conflict
3 / high supply / 35.13 / 9-20 / very strong conflict
Provision of food and fiber
0 / ES not supplied / 56.50 / areasoutside forest and intensive agriculture / noconflict
1 / foodprovision / 11.09 / intensive agriculture / lowconflict
2 / fiberprovision / 32.41 / forest / strong conflict
Heritage and symbolic content
0 / ES not supplied / 99.55 / no buildings belonging to cultural heritage sites / noconflict
1 / isolated objects of cultural importance (castle, church, tower, monument) / 0.45 / single objects of cultural importance (castle, church, tower, monument) / lowconflict
2 / World heritage sites (buildings) and sites belonging to the Federal Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites (ISOS) / <0.001 / World heritage sites (buildings) and sites belonging to the Federal Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites (ISOS) / strong conflict
Table Appendix T2: Sensitivity analysis for solar panels [GWh]. 2009= reference land use; A2: land-change scenario A2; LEEP= electricity potentials considering legal and economic factors (Fig. 1); roofs large=willingness to install solar panels on building roofs > 1000m2; roofs small=willingness to install solar panels on building roofs < 1000m2 (Table 1a); Facade panels= willingness to install solar panels on facades (Table 1a); Def=default values (Table 1a), -20%=80% of default value, +20%=120% of default value.
Sensitivityanalysis2009 / CH / Emmental / Goms / Surselva / Val de Ruz / Roofs
large / Roofs small / Panel efficiency
LEEP / 13,314 / 63 / 23 / 96 / 28 / -20% / -20% / def
Low-conflict[1] / 12,341 / 60 / 17 / 85 / 26 / -20% / -20% / def
LEEP / 15,976 / 76 / 27 / 116 / 33 / -20% / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 14,809 / 72 / 20 / 102 / 31 / -20% / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 15,178 / 76 / 28 / 117 / 33 / -20% / def / def
Low-conflict / 14,072 / 72 / 20 / 103 / 31 / -20% / def / def
LEEP / 18,213 / 91 / 33 / 140 / 39 / -20% / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 16,886 / 86 / 25 / 124 / 37 / -20% / def / +20%
LEEP / 17,040 / 88 / 33 / 138 / 37 / -20% / +20% / def
Low-conflict / 15,801 / 83 / 24 / 121 / 35 / -20% / +20% / def
LEEP / 20,448 / 105 / 40 / 165 / 45 / -20% / +20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 18,961 / 100 / 29 / 146 / 42 / -20% / +20% / +20%
LEEP / 14,783 / 67 / 23 / 100 / 30 / def / -20% / def
Low-conflict / 13,670 / 64 / 17 / 88 / 28 / def / -20% / def
LEEP / 17,739 / 81 / 28 / 120 / 36 / def / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 16,440 / 77 / 21 / 105 / 34 / def / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 16,642 / 79 / 29 / 120 / 35 / def / def / def
Low-conflict / 15,426 / 75 / 21 / 106 / 33 / def / def / def
LEEP / 19,970 / 95 / 34 / 144 / 42 / def / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 18,511 / 90 / 25 / 127 / 39 / def / def / +20%
LEEP / 18,507 / 91 / 34 / 141 / 40 / def / +20% / def
Low-conflict / 17,157 / 87 / 25 / 124 / 37 / def / +20% / def
LEEP / 22,078 / 110 / 41 / 169 / 47 / def / +20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 20,589 / 104 / 30 / 149 / 45 / def / +20% / +20%
LEEP / 16,250 / 71 / 28 / 103 / 32 / +20% / -20% / def
Low-conflict / 15,056 / 67 / 18 / 91 / 30 / +20% / -20% / def
LEEP / 19,499 / 85 / 29 / 124 / 39 / +20% / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 18,068 / 81 / 21 / 109 / 36 / +20% / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 18,115 / 83 / 29 / 124 / 37 / +20% / def / def
Low-conflict / 16,785 / 79 / 21 / 109 / 35 / +20% / def / def
LEEP / 21,734 / 100 / 35 / 148 / 44 / +20% / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 20,142 / 95 / 26 / 131 / 42 / +20% / def / +20%
LEEP / 19,970 / 95 / 34 / 144 / 42 / +20% / +20% / def
Low-conflict / 18,511 / 90 / 25 / 127 / 39 / +20% / +20% / def
LEEP / 23,964 / 114 / 41 / 173 / 50 / +20% / +20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 22,213 / 109 / 30 / 153 / 47 / +20% / +20% / +20%
LEEP / 13,314 / 63 / 23 / 96 / 28 / -20% / -20% / def
Low-conflict / 12,341 / 60 / 17 / 85 / 26 / -20% / -20% / def
LEEP / 15,976 / 76 / 27 / 116 / 33 / -20% / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 14,809 / 72 / 20 / 102 / 31 / -20% / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 15,178 / 76 / 28 / 117 / 33 / -20% / def / def
Low-conflict / 14,072 / 72 / 20 / 103 / 31 / -20% / def / def
LEEP / 18,213 / 91 / 33 / 140 / 39 / -20% / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 16,886 / 86 / 25 / 124 / 37 / -20% / def / +20%
Sensitivityanalysis
A2 / CH / Emmental / Goms / Surselva / Val de Ruz / Roofs
large / Roofs small / Panel efficiency / Facade
panels / Efficiency offacadepanels
LEEP / 25,447 / 170 / 34 / 154 / 105 / -20% / def / def / -20% / def
Low-conflict / 24,010 / 163 / 25 / 136 / 102 / -20% / def / def / -20% / def
LEEP / 25,922 / 173 / 35 / 158 / 107 / -20% / def / def / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 24,456 / 167 / 26 / 140 / 104 / -20% / def / def / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 26,235 / 176 / 35 / 160 / 109 / -20% / def / def / def / def
Low-conflict / 24,757 / 170 / 26 / 142 / 106 / -20% / def / def / def / def
LEEP / 28,808 / 187 / 37 / 169 / 117 / -20% / def / def / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 25,124 / 172 / 27 / 146 / 106 / -20% / def / def / def / +20%
LEEP / 26,634 / 179 / 37 / 165 / 110 / -20% / def / def / +20% / def
Low-conflict / 25,124 / 172 / 27 / 146 / 107 / -20% / def / def / +20% / def
LEEP / 27,346 / 184 / 39 / 172 / 113 / -20% / def / def / +20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 25,792 / 177 / 28 / 153 / 109 / -20% / def / def / +20% / +20%
LEEP / 27,621 / 178 / 35 / 158 / 112 / def / def / def / -20% / def
Low-conflict / 26,059 / 171 / 25 / 140 / 108 / def / def / def / -20% / def
LEEP / 28,096 / 182 / 36 / 162 / 114 / def / def / def / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 26,505 / 175 / 26 / 144 / 110 / def / def / def / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 28,214 / 182 / 36 / 164 / 115 / def / def / def / def / def
Low-conflict / 26,616 / 175 / 26 / 145 / 111 / def / def / def / def / def
LEEP / 28,808 / 187 / 37 / 169 / 117 / def / def / def / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 27,173 / 180 / 27 / 150 / 113 / def / def / def / def / +20%
LEEP / 28,808 / 187 / 37 / 169 / 117 / def / def / def / +20% / def
Low-conflict / 27,173 / 180 / 27 / 150 / 113 / def / def / def / +20% / def
LEEP / 29,520 / 192 / 39 / 176 / 120 / def / def / def / +20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 27,841 / 185 / 29 / 156 / 116 / def / def / def / +20% / +20%
LEEP / 35,279 / 220 / 41 / 189 / 141 / +20% / def / +20% / -20% / def
Low-conflict / 33,284 / 211 / 30 / 168 / 136 / +20% / def / +20% / -20% / def
LEEP / 35,754 / 223 / 42 / 194 / 143 / +20% / def / +20% / -20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 33,730 / 215 / 31 / 172 / 138 / +20% / def / +20% / -20% / +20%
LEEP / 36,068 / 226 / 42 / 196 / 145 / +20% / def / +20% / def / def
Low-conflict / 34,031 / 218 / 31 / 174 / 140 / +20% / def / +20% / def / def
LEEP / 36,466 / 229 / 44 / 201 / 146 / +20% / def / +20% / def / +20%
Low-conflict / 34,398 / 220 / 32 / 178 / 141 / +20% / def / +20% / def / +20%
LEEP / 36,466 / 229 / 44 / 201 / 146 / +20% / def / +20% / +20% / def
Low-conflict / 34,398 / 220 / 32 / 178 / 141 / +20% / def / +20% / +20% / def
LEEP / 37,179 / 234 / 45 / 208 / 149 / +20% / def / +20% / +20% / +20%
Low-conflict / 35,066 / 225 / 33 / 184 / 144 / +20% / def / +20% / +20% / +20%
1
Table Appendix T3: Sensitivity analysis for low-conflict electricity potential for solar energy [GWh]. 2009= reference land use; A2: land-change scenario A2.
Low-conflict electricity potential for solar panelswithinscenario 2009 / withinscenario A2 / betweenscenarios
(A2-2009)
CH / GWh / |Diff_GWh| / |Diff_%GWh| / GWh / |Diff_GWh| / Diff_%GWh / GWh / |Diff_%GWh|
Default low-conflict[2] / 15,426 / 100 / 26,616 / 100 / 11,190 / 100
Max low-conflict / 22,213 / 6,787 / 144 / 35,066 / 8,450 / 132 / 12,853 / 115
Min low-conflict / 12,341 / 3,085 / 80 / 24,010 / 2,606 / 90 / 11,669 / 104
Sum|difference| / 9,872 / 11,056 / 24,522
Emmental
Default low-conflict / 75 / 100 / 175 / 100 / 100 / 100
Max low-conflict / 109 / 34 / 145 / 225 / 50 / 129 / 116 / 116
Min low-conflict / 60 / 15 / 80 / 163 / 12 / 93 / 103 / 103
Sum |difference| / 49 / 62 / 219
Goms
Default low-conflict / 21 / 100 / 26 / 100 / 5 / 100
Max low-conflict / 30 / 9 / 143 / 33 / 7 / 127 / 3 / 60
Min low-conflict / 17 / 4 / 81 / 25 / 1 / 96 / 8 / 160
Sum |difference| / 13 / 8 / 11
Surselva
Default low-conflict / 106 / 100 / 145 / 100 / 39 / 100
Max low-conflict / 153 / 47 / 144.34 / 184 / 39 / 127 / 31 / 79
Min low-conflict / 85 / 21 / 80.19 / 136 / 9 / 94 / 51 / 131
Sum |difference| / 68 / 48 / 82
Val de Ruz
Default low-conflict / 33 / 100 / 111 / 100 / 78 / 100
Max low-conflict / 47 / 14 / 142 / 144 / 33 / 130 / 97 / 124
Min low-conflict / 26 / 7 / 79 / 102 / 9 / 92 / 76 / 97
Sum |difference| / 21 / 42 / 173
1
Table Appendix T4: Sensitivity analysis for wind turbines with default values [GWh]. 2009= reference land use; A2: land-change scenario A2 (->text); LEEP= electricity potentials considering legal and economic factors (Fig. 1), conflicts, see text. The buffer sizes around settlements to preclude turbine placement were varied to 100 and 500m (default buffer: 300m, Table 1b).
Land use / Electricity potential / CH / Emmental / Goms / Surselva / Val de Ruz2009
Default / LEEP / 93,400 / 1,400 / 2,300 / 3,900 / 1,000
values / [Low-conflict][3] / 1,235 / 115 / 450 / 430 / 25
Buffer / LEEP / 97,795 / 1,475 / 2,375 / 3,905 / 1,075
100m / Low-conflict / 1,405 / 125 / 440 / 435 / 25
Buffer / LEEP / 88,290 / 1,385 / 2,295 / 3,820 / 950
500m / Low-conflict / 1,080 / 120 / 445 / 440 / 10
A2
Default / LEEP / 149,900 / 2,000 / 3,100 / 8,500 / 1,400
values / Low-conflict / 1,755 / 215 / 585 / 566 / 91
Buffer / LEEP / 157,235 / 2,074 / 3,153 / 8,652 / 1,359
100m / Low-conflict / 1,814 / 221 / 572 / 598 / 39
Buffer / LEEP / 136,936 / 1,742 / 3,088 / 8,606 / 1,164
500m / Low-conflict / 1,151 / 176 / 598 / 598 / 0
1
Table T5: Sensitivity analysis for low-conflict electricity potential for wind turbines [GWh]; within and between scenarios. 2009= reference land use; A2: land-change scenario A2, 300m (default buffer size), 100m, 500m (values used for the sensitivity analysis).
Low conflict electricity potential for wind turbineswithinscenario 2009 / withinscenario A2 / betweenscenarios (A2-2009)
CH / GWh / Diff_%GWh / |Diff_%GWh| / GWh / Diff_%GWh / |Diff_%GWh| / |Diff_GWh| / |Diff_%GWh|
300m (def) / 1,235 / 100 / 1,755 / 100 / 520 / 100
100m / 1,405 / 113 / 170 / 1,814 / 103 / 59 / 409 / 79
500m / 1,080 / 87 / 155 / 1,151 / 66 / 604 / 71 / 14
Sum |differences| / 325 / 663 / 480
Emmental
300m (def) / 115 / 100 / 215 / 100 / 100 / 100
100m / 125 / 109 / 10 / 221 / 103 / 6 / 96 / 96
500m / 120 / 104 / 5 / 176 / 82 / 39 / 56 / 56
Sum |differences| / 15 / 45 / 152
Goms
300m (def) / 450 / 100 / 585 / 100 / 135 / 100
100m / 440 / 98 / 10 / 572 / 98 / 13 / 132 / 98
500m / 445 / 99 / 5 / 598 / 102 / 13 / 153 / 113
Sum |differences| / 15 / 26 / 285
Surselva
300m (def) / 430 / 100 / 566 / 100 / 136 / 100
100m / 435 / 101 / 5 / 598 / 106 / 32 / 163 / 120
500m / 440 / 102 / 10 / 598 / 106 / 32 / 158 / 117
Sum |differences| / 15 / 64 / 321
Val de Ruz
300m (def) / 25 / 100 / 91 / 100 / 66 / 100
100m / 25 / 100 / 0 / 39 / 43 / 52 / 14 / 21
500m / 10 / 40 / 15 / 0 / 0 / 91 / 10 / 15
Sum |differences| / 15 / 143 / 24
1
[1]Low conflict areas comprise of the categories "no conflict" and "low conflict".
[2]Low conflict areas comprise of the categories "no conflict" and "low conflict".
[Low-conflict]
[3]Low conflict areas comprise of the categories "no conflict" and "low conflict" for all ES combined. For the four regional studies conflicts with the ES "Aesthetic aspects of landscapes" was not considered since the scale of the underlying indicator data (Table 2b) can only be used at the national level. Often the entire region is either included or excluded with no heterogeneity within the selected regions. For reasons of data completeness Figures A1 through A4 (Appendix) include the ES "Aesthetic aspects of landscapes".