GHSGT Science Cells and Heredity 2 (GHSGT_Science_Cells_2)
Name:______/ Date:______1.
Which characteristic is shared by most members of Insecta?
A. hard scales which protect and camouflage
B. metamorphosis from larvae to adult
C. a two-part shell that encloses a soft body
D. an endoskeleton that supports internal organs
2. Plant and animal cells have many similar components, but plant cells contain two that animal cells do not. One of these is
A. a nucleus.
B. cytoplasm.
C. chloroplast.
D. a cell membrane.
3. In living things, whether plant or animal, the carrier of hereditary instructions is
A. DNA.
B. genetic vacuole.
C. messenger RNA.
D. mitochondria in animals, chloroplasts in plants.
4. Approximately 20 amino acids are essential to living systems. How are amino acids linked together to form proteins?
A. genetic bonds
B. peptide bonds
C. acid-base bonds
D. hydrogen bonds
5. During interphase, chromosomes are NOT very distinct when viewed under a microscope. During this phase they are long and intertwined. What is occurring during interphase?
A. chromosomes replicate
B. ribosomes are linking with the DNA
C. the cell is in an "active phase" prior to mitosis
D. centiomeres of chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
6. The terms cellulose, glycogen, and monosaccharide are all associated with which term?
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. polypeptide
D. proteins
7. Earthworms are often found on the surface of the ground after a rain. Which of these statements best explains this fact?
A. They are looking for food.
B. They are laying their eggs on the damp grass.
C. They can't get enough oxygen in wet soil.
D. They are sunning themselves to raise their body temperatures.
8. In what way are all invertebrates alike?
A. They lack blood cells.
B. They lack internal backbones.
C. They have an exoskeleton.
D. They can reproduce asexually.
9. Which of the following phyla of worms are the simplest from an evolutionary standpoint?
A. true worms
B. roundworms
C. ribbon worms
D. flatworms
10. Which of these is a characteristic of all mollusks?
A. They have segmented bodies.
B. They use a rasping tongue to puncture their prey.
C. They have a large, muscular foot.
D. Their mantle secretes a single, limy shell.
11. Which of these statements is true of all arthropods?
A. They live primarily in warm environments.
B. They have an outer skeleton.
C. They have two body segments.
D. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
12. Which of the following functions is associated with the stomach?
A. bile production
B. acid production
C. insulin production
D. hormone production
13. Fish fins and grasshopper legs are similar to the cilia found on many protozoans because the main function of all three structures is to aid in
A. secreting hormones and mating.
B. seeking shelter and excreting wastes.
C. movement to obtain food.
D. controlling metamorphosis and moving.
14.
Which organelle is a membrane-bound sac which stores nutrients within the cell?
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi complex
C. nucleus
D. vacuole
15.
Which statement describes passive transport?
A. Substances harmful to a cell are excreted.
B. Large molecules move across a membrane.
C. A foreign organism transports substances it needs into the cell.
D. A substance moves across a membrane without using cellular energy.
16. Because water tends to move from regions of low solute concentration to regions of high concentration (such as the cell), animal cells have developed the need for
A. water.
B. homeostasis.
C. nucleic acids.
D. active transport.
17.
Why is mitosis important in multicellular organisms?
A. Mitosis is essential to cell replication, tissue development, and maintenance of cell size.
B. Mitosis ensures that diploid reproductive cells divide twice, forming four haploid daughter cells.
C. Mitosis is responsible for passing on genetic variability and beneficial mutations to the next generation.
D. Mitosis allows tissue growth in multicellular organisms by resulting in the formation of gametes, which then form new cells.
18.
An organism that is capable of passing on a trait for a specific disease to its offspring, but which does NOT express the disease itself, is described as which of the following?
A. a carrier
B. a homozygote
C. a mutant
D. a purebred
19.
An example of nondisjunction would be
A. unsuccessful DNA cloning of a single-celled organism.
B. a spontaneous mutation occurring naturally in an organism.
C. an abnormality in the number of chromosomes within an organism.
D. the manipulation of DNA segments and chromosomes within microorganisms.
20. The gene for red/green colorblindness in humans is recessive and primarily affects males. It must be located on
A. the X chromosome
B. the Y chromosome
C. both the X and Y chromosomes
D. either the X or Y chromosome
21. Cells use passive and active transport to move materials across cell membranes in order to maintain a constant internal environment. What is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment called?
A. diffusion
B. evolution
C. homeostasis
D. respiration
22. A type of cell that can exist in a broad range of environmental conditions, can rapidly multiply, and lacks a nucleus is known as what type of cell?
A. animal
B. eukaryotic
C. plant
D. prokaryotic
23. Which of the following correctly shows the shape of a DNA molecule?
A.
B.
C.
D.
24. The major source of the oxygen that is released into the atmosphere is
A. cellular respiration
B. photosynthesis
C. automobile exhaust
D. the weathering of rocks
25. The observed trait that appears in an organism as a result of its genetic makeup is called the organism's
A. allele
B. genotype
C. phenotype
D. karyotype
26. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?
A. Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.
B. Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.
C. White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.
D. Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.
27. Which of the following pairs are isotopes of the same element?
A. atom J (27 protons, 32 neutrons) and atom L (27 protons, 33 neutrons)
B. atom Q (56 protons, 81 neutrons) and atom R (57 protons, 81 neutrons)
C. atom V (8 protons, 8 neutrons) and atom W (7 protons, 8 neutrons)
D. atom S (17 protons, 18 neutrons) and atom T (18 protons, 17 neutrons)
28. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow?
A.
B.
C.
D.
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29. A human zygote, like most other human cells, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does a zygote receive from the mother?
A. 0
B. 23
C. 46
D. 92
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
30. In the process of photosynthesis, green plants use energy from sunlight to make which product?
A. carbon dioxide
B. chlorophyll
C. sugar
D. DNA
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
31. Genetic information for a breed of chicken is shown below.
Which of the following crosses of chickens will produce only Frizzle fowl offspring?
A. Normal X Frizzle fowl
B. Frizzle fowl X Frizzle fowl
C. Normal X Feather shedder
D. Feather shedder X Feather shedder
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
32. DNA and RNA are similar because they both contain
A. deoxyribose.
B. nucleotides.
C. thymine.
D. double helices.
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
33. The picture below shows two dogs and their puppies.
The parent dogs are each heterozygous for two traits: fur color and white spotting. Both parent dogs are solid black. Their puppies, however, have four different phenotypes as listed below.
· solid black
· black with white spots
· solid red
· red with white spots
Which of the following explains how these parent dogs can produce puppies with these four phenotypes?
A. The genes for these traits are sex-linked.
B. The genes for these traits mutate frequently.
C. The genes for these traits assort independently.
D. The genes for these traits are on the same chromosome.
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
34. The graph below shows the amount of ATP produced in a cell during a period of time.
According to the graph, which of the following processes must have increased between points A and B?
A. cellular respiration
B. cytokinesis
C. DNA replication
D. meiosis
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
35. The diagram below illustrates how plant root cells take in mineral ions from the surrounding soil.
Which of the following processes is illustrated?
A. active transport
B. diffusion
C. osmosis
D. passive filtration
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
36. Which of the following occurs during photosynthesis?
A. CO2 is used to produce water.
B. CO2 is absorbed by mitochondria.
C. CO2 and H2O are converted to carbohydrates.
D. CO2 and H2O are combined into carbonic acid.
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
37. Which of the diagrams below best represents the net movement of molecules in osmosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
38. Two spotted leopards produce a litter of four cubs. Three of the cubs are spotted and one is solid black. The black coat is probably what type of trait?
A. dominant
B. recessive
C. polygenic
D. sex-linked
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
39. In which of the following ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration alike?
A. Both processes produce glucose.
B. Both processes consume carbon dioxide.
C. Both processes take place in chloroplasts.
D. Both processes involve energy transformations.
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
40. A cross section of part of a Golgi complex is shown below.
Part of the membrane of the Golgi complex pinches off and moves away. Which of the following is a function of this process?
A. to release energy from ATP
B. to deliver proteins to other locations in the cell
C. to collect amino acids for use in protein synthesis
D. to send messages about cell requirements to the nucleus
This online assessment item contains material that has been released to the public by the Massachusetts Department of Education.
41.
Name the class of biomolecule with all of these functions in living organisms:
I) Long-term energy storage for hibernating animals.
II) Buoyancy in marine animals such as whales.
III) Component of cell membranes in all organisms.
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. nucleic acids
D. proteins
42.
It is hypothesized by many biologists that many cell organelles formed in eukaryotic cells as pockets of the cell membrane folded in and enclosed cellular structures that performed important tasks. Prokaryotes, by comparison, do not have any of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes. Based on this assumption, which organelle probably did NOT form this way?
A. ribosomes
B. golgi bodies
C. nuclear membranes
D. endoplasmic reticulum
43.
Which of these functions does the molecule pictured in the diagram above have in living organisms?
A. It forms most of the structures in cells and tissues.
B. It is a short-term energy storage molecule used by cells.
C. A double layer of these molecules surrounds each cell to form a membrane.
D. It carries the coded information that organisms need to build proteins.
44.
Which of these statements is correct, with regard to the way that DNA transfers information inside of a cell?
A. Proteins are a code for DNA.
B. Chromosomes in the DNA code are found as part of the cell's genes.
C. The DNA code for amino acids is written in 20 letter sequences called codons.
D. The DNA code is first translated into transfer RNA, and then transcribed into mRNA, when proteins are made.
45.
The molecule shown above is a starch molecule, which is a polysaccharide carbohydrate. What function does it serve in living organisms?
A. It provides a genetic code.
B. It provides stored energy for metabolism.
C. It is the main component of cell membranes.
D. It is the main component of most structures in animal bodies.
46.
Which of these types of cells would likely have the GREATEST amount of sugar production and why?
A. A fat cell in the abdominal area, because there are many vacuoles full of stored food.