NAME ______HR______
Modern Genetics Outline
Chemical Basis for Genetics
n In the 1940’s and 1950’s experiments showed that ______are made up of the chemical compound ______, or ______.
n ______is a large complex molecule found in the ______of the cell.
n ______is responsible for passing ______information from generation to generation.
n ______also controls the manufacture of ______.
q ______control cellular ______.
Nucleotides
n The ______molecule is made up of a long chain of repeating ______units.
n Nucleotides contain ______bases, a ______, and a ______group.
n The four different bases in DNA nucleotides are
q
q
q
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Structure
n The structure of ______was discovered in the 1950’s by James ______and Francis Crick.
n According to ______and ______, _____ molecules are shaped like a twisted ______.
n The twisted ladder structure is called a ______.
n The _____ double helix has _____ strands or sides.
n The strands are connected at the rungs.
n The sides of the ladder consist of alternating ______and ______molecules.
n The rungs are pairs of ______bases.
q The nitrogen bases are attached to each other by ______bonds.
n The four nitrogenous bases in DNA ______(join) together in a certain way known as ______pairing.
n ______(A) and ______(T) bond together.
n ______(G) and ______(C) bond together.
n No other combinations are ______.
DNA Replication
n During reproduction, _____ makes exact ______of itself (______).
n The process begins with an ______of the ______helix.
n The two strands “______” leaving two strands of ______.
n Each strand is a ______for the new nucleotide strand.
n Free nucleotides present in the cytoplasm pair with the free nitrogenous bases of both strands.
n Two identical _____ molecules that are identical to the original are ______.
RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
n RNA also controls cellular ______.
n RNA contains the sugar “______.”
n RNA is ______stranded.
n RNA also has ___ nitrogen bases:
q
q
q ______instead of Thymine.
n RNA has different functions than DNA:
q ______RNA - mRNA – is a single, uncoiled strand that carries the genetic code information of DNA from the ______to the ______in the ______.
q ______RNA - tRNA – is a single folded strand that ______the message for protein formation carried by mRNA. tRNA then transfers amino acids to form amino acids.
q ______RNA - rRNA – is a form of RNA that makes up most of the ______in a cell.
Mutations
n A mutation is any ______or ______in the ______or ______of an organism that can be inherited.
n These changes usually produce ______characteristics.
n To be ______, these changes must occur in the ______or ____ cell.
n As a result of ______, the changed gene or chromosome in the sex cell is ______on to the new organism.
n If they occur in other cells, they can be passed on only to other ____ cells.
n Mutations occur as ______chance events and may occur ______within the cell or be caused by forces outside the cell called ______.
q X rays, ultraviolet light, radioactive substances, cosmic rays, and chemicals such as formaldehyde and benzene, are ______agents.
q Asbestos fibers and drugs, such as LSD, marijuana, cigarettes and alcohol, are also known to cause changes in ____ and ______.
n Unborn children can be injured when their pregnant mothers are exposed to ______agents.
Human Genetic Diseases
n Most genetic diseases in humans are ______as ______genes and involve ______in enzyme formation.
n When there is a mistake in ______formation, the person’s metabolism is ______.
n The presence of many genetic disorders can be detected either before or after birth.
q ______(chemical analysis of body ______),
q ______(detecting chromosome abnormalities by matching homologous chromosomes) and
q ______(removing a small amount of amniotic fluid from around the fetus) are tests used to detect (identify) genetic diseases.
Genetic Engineering
n Today, scientist can deliberately remove ______from one organism and add them to the ______material of another organism.
n Genetic Engineering will ______(change) the _____ of a cell.
n The changed ______is called ______.
n The _____ that received the recombinant _____ receives new ______, such as, the ability to prevent a certain disease.
How to Clone a Sheep