SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

The impact of ovulation mode on sperm quantity and quality in mammals

Carl D. Soulsbury and Graziella Iossa

Appendix A

Data used for PGLM analysis including sperm concentration (106 ml-1), ejaculate volume (ml), total motile sperm (106) per ejaculate, % sperm motility, % normal sperm morphology and ovulation mode (SPO: spontaneous; IND: induced). ND = no data.

Appendix B

Results of phylogenetically corrected general linear models comparing (i) sperm concentration (ii) ejaculate volume, (iii) % sperm motility and (iv) % normal sperm with source of sample (captive, captive-born, mixture of captive and wild, wild, wild-born).

Appendix C

Alternative models that are stongly supported ΔAICc<2 showing (i) sperm concentration (ii) ejaculate volume, (iii) % sperm motility and (iv) % normal sperm and associated significant variables.

APPENDIX A

Species / Sperm concentration (106 ml-1) / Ejaculate volume (ml) / Total motile sperm (106) per ejaculate / % sperm motility / % normal sperm / Ovulation modea / References
Acinonyx jubatus / 21.9 / 2.10 / 46.0 / 0.69 / 0.18 / INDb / Crosier et al. (2007)
Ailuropoda melanoleuca / 5420.0 / 5.02 / 27208.4 / 0.80 / 0.73 / SPOb / Olson et al. (2003)
Alcelaphus buselaphus / 1373.0 / 4.50 / 2471.4 / 0.4 / 0.42 / SPO / Metrione et al. (2008b)
Alopex lagopus / 317.0 / 0.98 / 310.7 / 0.73 / 0.81 / SPOb / Barta (1999)
Alouatta caraya / 649.5 / 0.09 / 44.3 / 0.757 / 0.787 / SPO / Valle et al. (2004)
Ammotragus lervia / 4012.0 / 2.00 / 7221.6 / 0.9 / 0.96 / ND / Meija et al. (2009)
Ateles fusciceps / 274.2 / 1.25 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Ateles geoffroyi / ND / ND / ND / 0.9 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Axis axis / 338.0 / 4.10 / 921.6 / 0.665 / 0.791 / SPO / Mylrea et al. (1999): Umapathy et al. (2001)
Bison bison / 711.3 / 3.00 / 1468.1 / 0.688 / 0.738 / SPO / Matsuda et al. (1996); Helbig et al. (2007)
Bison bonasus / 5030.0 / 9.50 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Pérez-Garnelo et al. (2001)
Bos grunniens / 1552.0 / 3.58 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Sarkar and Prakash (2005); Sarkar et al. (2009)
Bradypus tridactylus / 91.9 / 0.05 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Mühlbauer et al. (2006); Peres et al. (2008)
Callithrix_jacchus / ND / 0.03 / ND / 0.48 / 0.49 / SPO / Cui et al. (1991)
Camelus bactrianus / 414.0 / 8.20 / 2118.4 / 0.624 / ND / IND / Chen et al. (2005); Mosaferi et al. (2005)
Camelus dromedarius / 556.0 / 6.70 / ND / ND / ND / IND / Hombach-Klonisch et al. (2000): Agarwal et al. (2004)
Canis familiaris / 293.3 / 2.20 / 645.3 / 0.84 / 0.76 / SPOb / Ortega-Pacheco et al. (2006)
Canis latrans / 193.0 / 1.00 / 193.0 / 0.75 / 0.79 / SPOb / Green et al. (1984); Minter and DeLiberto (2008)
Canis lupus / 271.1 / 7.00 / 1897.7 / 0.89 / 0.78 / SPOb / Zindl (2006)
Canis rufus / 146.5 / 4.70 / 688.6 / 0.71 / 0.74 / SPOb / Goodrowe et al. (1998)
Capreolus capreolus / 485.7 / 1.05 / 397.8 / 0.78 / 0.7 / SPOb / Goeritz et al. (2003); Santiago-Moreno et al. (2006)
Capricornis sumatensis / 515.8 / 2.3 / 715.4 / 0.60 / 0.71 / ND / Suwanpugdee et al. (2009)
Cebus apella / 92.9 / 0.65 / 14.5 / 0.24 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Ceratotherium simum / 164.5 / 29.86 / 4057.0 / 0.826 / ND / SPO / Radcliffe et al. (1997); Reid et al. (2009)
Cercocebus galeritus / 575.5 / 1.30 / 448.9 / 0.6 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Cercopithecus aethiops / 117.0 / 0.86 / 55.3 / 0.55 / 0.94 / SPO / Seier et al. (1989)
Cervus elaphus / 440.0 / ND / NA / 0.8 / 0.812 / SPO / Martínez et al. (2008)
Cervus eldii / ND / 1.80 / NA / 0.8 / 0.967 / SPO / Hosack et al. (1999); Harnal et al. (2001)
Chinchilla lanigera / 483.0 / 0.09 / 44.7 / 0.98 / ND / SPO / Spotorno et al. (2004); Busso et al. (2005)
Chrysocyon brachyurus / 29.5 / 2.00 / 59.0 / 0.65 / 0.50 / INDb / Baker et al. (2007)
Connochaetes taurinus / 352.0 / 11.25 / 2376.0 / 0.6 / ND / ND / Watson (1976)
Dama dama / 3009.0 / 3.00 / 7673.0 / 0.85 / ND / SPO / Asher and Smith (1987); Meija et al. (2009)
Dasyprocta leporina / 106.7 / 0.70 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Weir (1974); Mollineau et al. (2008)
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis / 24.6 / 104.00 / 1535.0 / 0.6 / 0.40 / IND / O’Brien and Roth (2000); Roth et al. (2001)
Diceros bicornis / 23.7 / 59.00 / 560.0 / 0.4 / 0.29 / SPO / Radliffe et al. (2001); Roth (2006)
Elephas maximus / 1295.0 / 30.00 / 10501.2 / 0.270 / 0.788 / SPO / Czekala et al. (2003); Thongtip et al. (2008)
Equus asinis / 294.0 / 67.60 / 14309.6 / 0.72 / 0.88 / SPO / Asa (2002); Cortés-Gutiérrez et al. (2008)
Equus burchelli / 74.8 / 34.10 / 765.2 / 0.3 / ND / SPO / Crump and Crump (1994); Asa (2002)
Equus ferus / 100.5 / 19.90 / 1054.0 / 0.527 / 0.234 / SPO / Asa (2002); Collins et al. (2006)
Erythrocebus pathas / 1153.4 / 0.60 / 311.4 / 0.45 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Euphractus sexcinctus / 45.0 / 0.35 / 9.69 / 0.61 / 0.86 / ND / Serafim et al. (In press)
Felis catus / 167.6 / 0.12 / 20.8 / 0.84 / 0.72 / INDb / Howard et al. (1990)
Felis concolor / 15.6 / 2.05 / 32.0 / 0.61 / 0.34 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Felis manul / 123.0 / 0.21 / 25.8 / 0.79 / 0.63 / INDb / Swanson et al. (1996)
Felis margarita / 209.8 / 0.20 / 17.0 / 0.404 / 0.596 / IND / Herrick et al. (In press)
167.6 / 0.12 / 26.5 / 0.844 / 0.716 / IND / Herrick et al. (In press)
Gazella cuvieri / 402.6 / 2.86 / 843.7 / 0.732 / 0.866 / ND / Garde et al. (2008)
Gazella dama / 1068.8 / 1.35 / 1155.2 / 0.8 / ND / ND / Abaigar et al. (2001)
Gazella dorcas / 381.4 / 1.80 / 588.3 / 0.857 / 0.89 / ND / Howard et al. (1983)
Gorilla gorilla / 142.7 / 0.52 / 37.0 / 0.497 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Herpailurus yaguarondi / 7.2 / 0.08 / 0.6 / 0.58 / 0.26 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Homo sapiens / 63.5 / 4.30 / 163.8 / 0.6 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Hylobates lar / 152.4 / 1.30 / 17.8 / 0.09 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Hylobates moloch / ND / ND / NA / 0.05 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens / 625.0 / 7.7 / 4382.0 / 0.92 / ND / ND / Robeck et al. (In press)
Lama guanaco / 5.5 / 2.41 / 3.1 / 0.24 / 0.61 / IND / Tibary and Vaughan (2006): Giuliano et al. (2008)
Lama paco / 72.4 / 1.60 / 91.3 / 0.79 / NA / IND / Bravo et al. (1997); Tibary and Vaughan (2006)
Leopardus pardalis / 53.8 / 0.62 / 33.4 / 0.71 / 0.58 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Leopardus tigrinus / 83.0 / 0.11 / 9.1 / 0.32 / 0.36 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Leopardus wiedii / 14.2 / 0.31 / 4.4 / 0.63 / 0.40 / SPOb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Lepus europaeus / 248.0 / 0.59 / 109.7 / 0.75 / ND / IND / Kozdrowski and Dubiel (2005); Kozdrowski and Siemieniuch (2009)
Litocranius walleri / 1146.8 / 0.90 / 619.3 / 0.6 / 0.4 / SPO / Penfold et al. (2005)
Lontra canadensis / 348.8 / 0.53 / 186.3 / 0.88 / 0.86 / INDb / Bateman et al. (2005)
Loxodonta africana / 2408.6 / 93.30 / 157305.7 / 0.7 / 0.775 / SPO / Howard et al. (1984); Hermes et al. (2000)
Lycaon pictus / 212.3 / 0.60 / 127.4 / 0.70 / 0.76 / SPOb / Johnston et al. (2007)
Lynx lynx / 8.0 / 0.28 / 2.2 / 0.77 / 0.26 / INDb / Jewgenow et al. (2006)
Lynx rufus / 24.4 / 0.36 / 4.9 / 0.56 / 0.15 / INDb / Gañán et al. (2009)
Macaca arctoides / 468.0 / 1.60 / 366.9 / 0.49 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Macaca assamensis / 1150.0 / 3.20 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Yang et al. (1994)
Macaca cyclopsis / 366.0 / ND / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Macaca fascicularis / 402.8 / 1.02 / 267.8 / 0.655 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca fuscata / 348.5 / 2.36 / 666.2 / 0.81 / ND / SPO / Møller 1989)
Macaca mulatta / 613.9 / 1.43 / 635.6 / 0.726 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca nemestrina / 276.9 / 1.27 / 316.5 / 0.9 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca radiata / 434.0 / 1.80 / 468.7 / 0.6 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Macaca thibetana / 4560.0 / 6.30 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Yang et al. (1994)
Marmota monax / 2.8 / 0.15 / 0.3 / 0.61 / ND / IND / Concannon et al. (1996); Sinha Hikim et al. (1992)
Martes pennanti / 2073.0 / 0.03 / 68.4 / 0.78 / ND / INDb / Frost et al. (1997)
Microcebus murinus / NA / NA / NA / 0.484 / ND / SPO / Aslam et al. (2002)
Mus musculus / 160.3 / 0.004 / NA / ND / ND / SPO / Allen (1922); Snyder (1966)
Mustela furo / 706.1 / 0.05 / 35.3 / 0.81 / 0.67 / INDb / Howard et al. (1991)
Mustela nigripes / 1030.9 / 0.01 / 13.3 / 0.59 / 0.53 / INDb / Wolf et al. (2000)
Mustela vison / 178.6 / 0.02 / 3.8 / 0.60 / ND / INDb / Aulerich et al. (1972)
Myocastor coypu / 730.0 / 0.91 / 434.5 / 0.654 / 0.919 / IND / Brown (1975); Qingjie et al. (1997)
Nasua nasua / 60.0 / 0.06 / 2.6 / 0.68 / 0.85 / ND / Lima et al. (2009)
Neofelis nebulosa / 27.5 / 0.64 / 17.6 / 0.71 / 0.61 / IND / Wildt et al. (1986); Brown et al. (1995)
Oncifelis colocolo / 364.0 / 0.08 / 29.1 / 0.81 / 0.57 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Oncifelis geoffroyi / 66.5 / 0.21 / 14.0 / 0.64 / 0.17 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Orcinus orca / 98.8 / 13.90 / 12428.5 / 0.905 / 0.884 / SPO / Robeck et al. (2004); Katsumata et al. (2006)
Oryctolagus cuniculus / 238.9 / 0.50 / 87.0 / 0.728 / 0.83 / IND / Staples (1967); Taha et al. (2006)
Oryx dammah / 780.0 / 7.70 / 4654.7 / 0.775 / 0.76 / SPO / Roth et al. (1998); Morrow et al. (1999)
Ovis canadensis / 3031.0 / 1.40 / 3479.6 / 0.82 / 0.89 / ND / Meija et al. (2009)
Ovis musimon / 3009.0 / 1.20 / 3069.2 / 0.85 / 0.95 / SPO / Gómez-Brunet et al. (2008); Meija et al. (2009)
Pan paniscus / 821.0 / 1.80 / 1108.4 / 0.75 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Pan troglodytes / 370.6 / 2.02 / 311.4 / 0.417 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Panthera leo / 12.3 / 6.00 / 73.8 / 0.89 / 0.72 / INDb / Brown et al. (1991a)
Panthera onca / 4.3 / 6.29 / 27.1 / 0.66 / 0.57 / INDb / Swanson et al. (2003)
Panthera pardus / 55.8 / 1.57 / 87.6 / 0.57 / 0.72 / IND / Schmidt et al. (1988); Jayaprakash et al. (2001)
Panthera tigris / 38.1 / 5.70 / 217.2 / 0.77 / 0.60 / IND / Seal et al. (1985); Byers et al. (1990)
Panthera uncia / 38.7 / 2.00 / 77.4 / 0.57 / 0.41 / INDb / Johnston et al. (1994)
Papio anubis / 76.7 / ND / ND / 0.563 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Amboka and Mwethera (2003)
Papio cynocephalus / 143.5 / 3.60 / 232.5 / 0.45 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Parahyena brunnea / 270.0 / 2.00 / 540.0 / 0.80 / ND / SPO / Ensley et al. (1982)
Pongo pygmaeus / 67.1 / 1.10 / 34.7 / 0.47 / ND / SPO / Kraemer and Kuehl (1980); Møller (1989)
Presbytis entellus / 170.4 / 2.70 / 358.4 / 0.779 / 0.727 / SPO / Lohiya et al. (1998)
Prionailurus bengalensis / 37.0 / 0.15 / 5.5 / 0.74 / 0.65 / IND / Howard and Wildt (1990)
Prionailurus viverrinus / 108.0 / 0.50 / 54.0 / 0.73 / 0.34 / INDb / Thiangtum et al. (2006)
Pteropus alecto / 397.0 / 0.09 / 28.0 / 0.75 / ND / SPO / Martin and Bernard (2000); Melville et al. (2008)
Pteropus poliocephalus / 477.0 / 0.04 / 12.3 / 0.594 / 0.59 / SPO / Martin and Bernard (2000); de Jong et al. (2005)
Pteropus scapulatus / 291.0 / 0.03 / 4.2 / 0.556 / 0.555 / SPO / Martin and Bernard (2000); de Jong et al. (2005)
Rhinoceros unicornis / 27.2 / 81.00 / 1144.0 / 0.52 / 0.34 / SPO / Stoops et al. (2004); Roth (2006)
Rupicapra pyrenaica / 1.6 / 0.60 / 0.7 / 0.696 / 0.968 / ND / Carluccio et al. (2007)
Saguinus mystax / 195.5 / ND / ND / 0.42 / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Saguinus nigricollis / 833.3 / 0.03 / ND / ND / ND / SPO / Møller (1989)
Spilogale gracilis / 63.0 / 0.13 / 8.1 / 0.56 / 0.70 / SPOb / Kaplan and Mead (1993)
Spilogale putorius / 112.7 / 0.02 / 2.2 / 0.71 / 0.35 / SPOb / Kaplan and Mead (1994)
Sus scrofa / 300.0 / 180.00 / 43200.0 / 0.8 / ND / SPO / Kozdrowski and Andrzej Dubiel (2004)
Syncerus caffer / 461.5 / 22.20 / 8370.0 / 0.817 / 0.913 / SPO / Brown et al. (1991b)
Tayassu tajacu / 371.0 / 1.10 / ND / ND / 0.553 / SPO / Hellgren et al. (1989); Santos et al. (2006)
Theropithecus gelada / 502.9 / 1.00 / 105.6 / 0.21 / ND / SPO / Møller 1989; Kraemer and Kuehl 1980
Thryonomys swinderianus / 0.9 / 95.0 / 53.9 / 0.63 / ND / IND / Addo et al. (2002); Soro et al. (2009)
Tolypeutes matacus / 23.0 / 0.14 / 0.8 / 0.245 / 0.869 / ND / Herrick et al. (2002)
Tragelaphus strepsiceros / 375.2 / 4.40 / ND / 0.59 / 0.57 / ND / Schiewe et al. (1991)
Tragulus javanicus / 366.9 / 0.02 / 3.5 / 0.4 / 0.712 / ND / Haron et al. (2000)
Tupaia glis / 103.2 / 0.10 / ND / ND / ND / IND / Conaway and Sorenson (1966); Kraemer and Kuehl (1980)
Tursiop aduncus / 506.0 / 31.2 / 13671.7 / 0.87 / ND / SPO / Brook (2001); Yuen et al. (In press)
Tursiops truncatus / 964.0 / 11.50 / 9800.0 / 0.884 / 0.992 / SPO / Kirkby and Ridgway (1984); Robeck et al. (2005)
Ursus arctos / 471.6 / 2.70 / 1273.3 / 0.80 / 0.78 / INDb / Pérez-Garnelo et al. (2005)
Ursus thibetanus / 1049.0 / 0.61 / 639.9 / 0.64 / 0.63 / IND / Kojima et al. (2001); Boone et al. (2007)
Vulpes vulpes / 63.6 / 1.60 / 101.8 / 0.65 / 0.77 / SPOb / Brzozowski (1984)

a all primates are classified as spontaneous ovulators (Bercovitch & Zeigler 2002), b Iossa et al. (2008)

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