Detailed (Disaggregated) Data Used in Patterns of Democracy, 2Nd Ed. (2012)

2

DETAILED (DISAGGREGATED) DATA USED IN PATTERNS OF DEMOCRACY, 2ND ED. (2012)

Arend Lijphart

I provide the following tables/guidelines for researchers interested in more detailed (disaggregated) data on my basic ten variables for particular countries and particular time periods. Variables 1 through 4 (dealing with parties, elections, and cabinets) require a great deal of space; the information on variables 5 thorough 10, which can be dealt with more briefly, is therefore presented first. The 36 democracies are identified by the first three characters of their English names, except that AUL means Australia, AUT Austria, CR Costa Rica, JPN Japan, NZ New Zealand, UK United Kingdom, and US United States.

VARIABLE 5: INTEREST GROUP PLURALISM

1960s / 1970s / 1980s / 1990s / 2000s
ARG / 3.20 / 2.20
AUL / 2.50 / 2.50 / 1.62 / 2.00 / 2.00
AUT / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.38
BAH / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00
BAR / 2.70 / 2.80 / 1.65 / 1.65
BEL / 0.88 / 0.88 / 1.38 / 1.25 / 1.38
BOT / 2.60 / 2.60 / 2.60 / 2.60
CAN / 3.38 / 3.38 / 3.25 / 3.12 / 3.12
CR / 2.20 / 2.20 / 2.20 / 2.20 / 2.20
DEN / 0.62 / 0.62 / 1.12 / 0.75 / 0.75
FIN / 1.50 / 0.75 / 0.75 / 0.62 / 0.62
FRA / 3.12 / 3.12 / 2.75 / 2.75 / 2.75
GER / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88
GRE / 3.38 / 3.00 / 3.00
ICE / 2.25 / 2.25 / 2.25 / 2.12 / 2.12
IND / 2.15 / 2.15 / 2.15
IRE / 2.75 / 2.75 / 2.62 / 2.38 / 2.25
ISR / 0.50 / 0.75 / 1.50 / 1.50 / 1.50
ITA / 3.00 / 2.88 / 2.25 / 2.00 / 2.00
JAM / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00
JPN / 1.62 / 1.62 / 1.38 / 1.38 / 1.38
KOR / 2.70 / 3.10
LUX / 1.00 / 0.75 / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88
MAL / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00
MAU / 1.30 / 1.30 / 1.30
NET / 0.75 / 1.12 / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00
NOR / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.38
NZ / 2.62 / 2.62 / 2.88 / 2.62 / 2.62
POR / 2.62 / 2.62 / 2.62
SPA / 3.12 / 3.00 / 3.00
SWE / 0.25 / 0.25 / 0.38 / 0.38 / 0.50
SWI / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88 / 0.88
TRI / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00 / 3.00
UK / 3.00 / 2.88 / 3.25 / 3.00 / 3.00
URU / 2.10 / 1.30
US / 3.25 / 3.25 / 2.88 / 2.88 / 2.88

VARIABLE 6: FEDERALISM-DECENTRALIZATION

VARIABLE 7: BICAMERALISM

VARIABLE 8: CONSTITUTIONAL RIGIDITY

VARIABLE 9: JUDICIAL REVIEW

Ratings for particular years or periods can be obtained from Tables 10.1, 11.2, 12.1, and 12.2, and from the accompanying text in Patterns of Democracy. In Table 10.1, for instance, all of the countries in the first and second columns have the same rating in the entire 1945-2010 period; this also applies to the 4.5 rating for Argentina, Austria, and India, and to the 1.5 rating for Korea. Belgium’s overall rating is 3.5: 3.0 before 1993, and 5.0 from 1993 on. The United Kingdom’s overall rating is 1.2: 1.0 before 1998 and 2.0 from 1998 on. The accompanying text explains that France, Italy, and Trinidad moved within the unitary-and-centralized category from 1.0 to 1.5 ratings in 1981, 1970, and 1980, respectively.

VARIABLE 10: CENTRAL BANK INDEPENDENCE

Central bank independence / Years / Number of years
ARG / 0.300 / 1984-91 / 8
0.640 / 1992-99 / 8
0.665 / 2000-09 / 10
AUL / 0.420 / 1950-99 / 50
0.355 / 2000-09 / 10
AUT / 0.575 / 1950-71 / 22
0.535 / 1972-98 / 27
0.880 / 1999 / 1
0.855 / 2000-09 / 10
BAH / 0.410 / 1972-99 / 28
0.435 / 2000-09 / 10
BAR / 0.380 / 1966-99 / 34
0.395 / 2000-09 / 10
BEL / 0.255 / 1950-71 / 22
0.275 / 1972-92 / 21
0.410 / 1993-97 / 5
0.890 / 1998-99 / 2
0.860 / 2000-09 / 10
BOT / 0.330 / 1965-95 / 31
0.450 / 1996-99 / 4
0.485 / 2000-09 / 10
CAN / 0.515 / 1950-99 / 50
0.495 / 2000-09 / 10
CR / 0.370 / 1953-94 / 42
0.510 / 1995-99 / 5
0.570 / 2000-09 / 10
DEN / 0.460 / 1950-99 / 50
0.365 / 2000-09 / 10
FIN / 0.280 / 1950-97 / 48
0.750 / 1998-99 / 2
0.790 / 2000-09 / 10
FRA / 0.330 / 1958-59 / 2
0.400 / 1960-71 / 12
0.290 / 1972-92 / 21
0.780 / 1993-99 / 7
0.805 / 2000-09 / 10
GER / 0.690 / 1950-97 / 48
0.920 / 1998-99 / 2
0.875 / 2000-09 / 10
GRE / 0.380 / 1974-97 / 24
0.890 / 1998-99 / 2
0.860 / 2000-09 / 10
ICE / 0.340 / 1950-99 / 50
0.535 / 2000-09 / 10
IND / 0.340 / 1977-99 / 23
0.310 / 2000-09 / 10
IRE / 0.410 / 1950-97 / 48
0.840 / 1998-99 / 2
0.835 / 2000-09 / 10
ISR / 0.390 / 1950-91 / 42
0.700 / 1992-99 / 8
0.580 / 2000-09 / 10
ITA / 0.260 / 1950-92 / 43
0.750 / 1993-97 / 5
0.920 / 1998-99 / 2
0.875 / 2000-09 / 10
JAM / 0.300 / 1962-09 / 48
JPN / 0.250 / 1950-96 / 47
0.470 / 1997-99 / 3
0.425 / 2000-09 / 10
KOR / 0.270 / 1988-95 / 8
0.440 / 1996-99 / 4
0.405 / 2000-09 / 10
LUX / 0.330 / 1950-97 / 48
0.900 / 1998-99 / 2
0.865 / 2000-09 / 10
MAL / 0.440 / 1966-93 / 28
0.380 / 1994-99 / 6
0.400 / 2000-09 / 10
MAU / 0.400 / 1976-09 / 34
NET / 0.475 / 1950-97 / 48
0.900 / 1998-99 / 2
0.865 / 2000-09 / 10
NOR / 0.200 / 1950-59 / 10
0.150 / 1960-71 / 12
0.170 / 1972-99 / 28
0.245 / 2000-09 / 10
NZ / 0.150 / 1950-59 / 10
0.210 / 1960-89 / 30
0.310 / 1990-99 / 10
0.345 / 2000-09 / 10
POR / 0.285 / 1980-92 / 13
0.540 / 1993-97 / 5
0.880 / 1998-99 / 2
0.855 / 2000-09 / 10
SPA / 0.250 / 1980-93 / 14
0.860 / 1994-99 / 6
0.845 / 2000-09 / 10
SWE / 0.290 / 1950-97 / 48
0.750 / 1998-99 / 2
0.800 / 2000-09 / 10
SWI / 0.570 / 1950-79 / 30
0.680 / 1980-99 / 20
0.655 / 2000-09 / 10
TRI / 0.350 / 1961-09 / 49
UK / 0.220 / 1950-59 / 10
0.440 / 1960-71 / 12
0.280 / 1972-97 / 26
0.470 / 1998-99 / 2
0.390 / 2000-09 / 10
URU / 0.190 / 1985-94 / 10
0.490 / 1995-99 / 5
0.435 / 2000-09 / 10
US / 0.560 / 1950-09 / 60

VARIABLE 1: EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF PARLIAMENTARY PARTIES

and

VARIABLE 4: ELECTORAL DISPROPORTIONALITY

General explanatory notes

First column (ELECTION YEAR): Year of parliamentary election; both month and year, if more than one election took place in a given year.

Second column (ENPP): Effective number of parliamentary parties.

Third column (DISPROP): Legislative disproportionality.

Fourth column (PRESID DISPROP): In presidential systems, presidential disproportionality (see the section on “Electoral Disproportionality in Presidential Democracies” in Chapter 8 of Patterns of Democracy).

ARGENTINA

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP / PRESID
DISPROP
1985 / 2.971 / 6.269
1987 / 2.544 / 5.571
1989 / 2.594 / 6.929 / 42.493
1991 / 2.868 / 6.884
1993 / 2.770 / 6.373
1995 / 2.834 / 8.437 / 42.756
1997 / 3.299 / 3.401
1999 / 2.549 / 6.981 / 46.028
2001 / 2.841 / 11.312
2003 / 3.915 / 8.207
2005 / 5.321 / 7.321
2007 / 2.886 / 12.710 / 44.025
2009 / 3.588 / 5.210

AUSTRALIA

Second and fifth columns (A): Liberal and National parties counted as one party.

Third and sixth columns (B): Liberal and National parties counted as two parties.

Fourth and seventh columns (MEAN): Mean of A and B.

See also the section on “Closely Allied Parties” in Chapter 5 of Patterns of Democracy.

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP
A / ENPP
B / ENPP
MEAN / DISPROP
A / DISPROP
B / DISPROP
MEAN
1946 / 2.035 / 2.399 / 2.217 / 6.863 / 9.607 / 8.235
1949 / 1.905 / 2.617 / 2.261 / 9.246 / 7.495 / 8.371
1951 / 1.961 / 2.570 / 2.266 / 6.394 / 5.357 / 5.875
1954 / 1.993 / 2.548 / 2.270 / 2.906 / 2.875 / 2.891
1955 / 1.900 / 2.574 / 2.237 / 8.464 / 6.844 / 7.654
1958 / 1.871 / 2.589 / 2.230 / 13.661 / 11.052 / 12.357
1961 / 1.999 / 2.517 / 2.258 / 8.283 / 7.120 / 7.701
1963 / 1.937 / 2.656 / 2.296 / 11.053 / 8.998 / 10.025
1966 / 1.829 / 2.632 / 2.231 / 13.470 / 10.828 / 12.149
1969 / 1.994 / 2.605 / 2.300 / 7.961 / 6.948 / 7.455
1972 / 1.990 / 2.467 / 2.228 / 6.072 / 6.902 / 6.487
1974 / 1.997 / 2.521 / 2.259 / 3.576 / 5.956 / 4.766
1975 / 1.684 / 2.501 / 2.093 / 16.714 / 14.049 / 15.381
1977 / 1.739 / 2.443 / 2.091 / 17.645 / 15.021 / 16.333
1980 / 1.935 / 2.641 / 2.288 / 10.699 / 8.465 / 9.582
1983 / 1.923 / 2.231 / 2.077 / 8.624 / 10.407 / 9.516
1984 / 2.000 / 2.407 / 2.203 / 6.563 / 7.818 / 7.191
1987 / 1.949 / 2.280 / 2.114 / 10.070 / 10.408 / 10.239
1990 / 2.020 / 2.354 / 2.187 / 12.620 / 12.516 / 12.568
1993 / 2.034 / 2.368 / 2.210 / 7.262 / 8.093 / 7.678
1996 / 1.982 / 2.623 / 2.303 / 12.921 / 10.949 / 11.935
1998 / 2.011 / 2.477 / 2.244 / 12.958 / 10.866 / 11.912
2001 / 2.054 / 2.457 / 2.256 / 10.926 / 9.649 / 10.287
2004 / 2.014 / 2.401 / 2.207 / 9.689 / 8.632 / 9.160
2007 / 2.024 / 2.246 / 2.135 / 10.235 / 10.232 / 10.233

AUSTRIA

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1945 / 2.091 / 2.649
1949 / 2.545 / 3.050
1953 / 2.471 / 3.981
1956 / 2.223 / 4.021
1959 / 2.198 / 4.394
1962 / 2.195 / 3.982
1966 / 2.137 / 3.814
1970 / 2.122 / 2.991
1971 / 2.211 / 1.186
1975 / 2.211 / 1.043
1979 / 2.221 / 0.931
1983 / 2.262 / 2.441
1986 / 2.633 / 0.925
1990 / 2.993 / 2.066
1994 / 3.728 / 1.025
1995 / 3.477 / 1.072
1999 / 3.407 / 3.531
2002 / 2.883 / 1.328
2006 / 3.379 / 2.793
2008 / 4.268 / 3.006

BAHAMAS

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1972 / 1.633 / 13.865
1977 / 1.447 / 22.497
1982 / 1.615 / 16.582
1987 / 1.973 / 10.148
1992 / 1.739 / 14.252
1997 / 1.342 / 27.099
2002 / 1.790 / 22.350
2007 / 1.971 / 4.946

BARBADOS

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1966 / 2.182 / 6.361
1971 / 1.600 / 17.504
1976 / 1.704 / 17.719
1981 / 1.874 / 10.420
1986 / 1.246 / 29.353
1991 / 1.849 / 12.467
1994 / 1.840 / 16.745
1999 / 1.153 / 27.959
2003 / 1.557 / 20.809
2008 / 1.800 / 13.322

BELGIUM

Second and fifth columns (A): Linguistic splits in major parties not counted.

Third and sixth columns (B): Linguistic segments of major parties counted as separate parties (1968-2010).

Fourth and seventh columns (MEAN): Mean of A and B.

See also the section on “Closely Allied Parties” in Chapter 5 of Patterns of Democracy.

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP
A / ENPP
B / ENPP
MEAN / DISPROP
A / DISPROP
B / DISPROP
MEAN
1946 / 2.905 / 3.036
1949 / 2.746 / 4.886
1950 / 2.491 / 3.232
1954 / 2.634 / 3.611
1958 / 2.454 / 3.337
1961 / 2.688 / 4.082
1965 / 3.590 / 2.439
1968 / 4.104 / 4.966 / 4.535 / 1.583 / 3.502 / 2.543
1971 / 4.438 / 5.449 / 4.943 / 1.874 / 2.423 / 2.148
1974 / 4.331 / 5.762 / 5.046 / 1.910 / 1.908 / 1.909
1977 / 3.789 / 5.242 / 4.515 / 2.510 / 2.520 / 2.515
1978 / 3.806 / 6.804 / 5.305 / 2.919 / 2.805 / 2.862
1981 / 4.237 / 7.623 / 5.930 / 4.370 / 4.163 / 4.267
1985 / 3.850 / 7.003 / 5.426 / 3.828 / 3.296 / 3.562
1987 / 3.859 / 7.132 / 5.495 / 3.506 / 3.236 / 3.371
1991 / 4.612 / 8.413 / 6.512 / 4.169 / 3.478 / 3.824
1995 / 4.417 / 8.030 / 6.223 / 3.663 / 3.116 / 3.390
1999 / 5.018 / 9.051 / 7.034 / 3.285 / 2.989 / 3.137
2003 / 3.821 / 7.027 / 5.424 / 5.882 / 5.114 / 5.498
2007 / 4.596 / 7.911 / 6.253 / 3.120 / 3.309 / 3.215
2010 / 5.355 / 8.421 / 6.888 / 3.363 / 3.692 / 3.527

BOTSWANA

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1965 / 1.186 / 8.382
1969 / 1.526 / 7.457
1974 / 1.336 / 6.730
1979 / 1.185 / 12.650
1984 / 1.306 / 14.013
1989 / 1.170 / 22.664
1994 / 1.713 / 10.317
1999 / 1.377 / 20.890
2004 / 1.519 / 21.296
2009 / 1.516 / 21.672

CANADA

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1945 / 2.849 / 8.095
1949 / 1.751 / 20.616
1953 / 2.154 / 14.041
1957 / 2.860 / 2.911
1958 / 1.536 / 21.148
1962 / 2.841 / 6.428
1963 / 2.647 / 7.449
1965 / 2.590 / 10.190
1968 / 2.332 / 11.572
1972 / 2.843 / 6.255
1974 / 2.380 / 9.852
1979 / 2.446 / 10.405
1980 / 2.392 / 8.724
1984 / 1.691 / 20.910
1988 / 2.333 / 11.324
1993 / 2.350 / 17.674
1997 / 2.980 / 13.258
2000 / 2.538 / 13.560
2004 / 3.030 / 9.808
2006 / 3.224 / 8.610
2008 / 3.146 / 9.946

COSTA RICA

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP / PRESID
DISPROP
1953 / 1.964 / 4.243 / 35.291
1958 / 3.209 / 3.462 / 49.078
1962 / 2.605 / 2.775 / 44.176
1966 / 2.136 / 3.012 / 49.522
1970 / 2.147 / 5.123 / 43.274
1974 / 3.133 / 6.148 / 46.573
1978 / 2.380 / 5.447 / 46.801
1982 / 2.270 / 3.185 / 37.782
1986 / 2.212 / 3.225 / 46.730
1990 / 2.212 / 4.073 / 47.858
1994 / 2.296 / 4.761 / 49.097
1998 / 2.556 / 6.177 / 49.057
2002 / 3.680 / 4.525 / 42.046
2006 / 3.319 / 6.989 / 50.837
2010 / 3.900 / 5.049 / 44.261

DENMARK

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1945 / 4.476 / 1.819
1947 / 3.558 / 4.241
1950 / 3.985 / 0.379
4/1953 / 3.838 / 0.809
9/1953 / 3.630 / 2.161
1957 / 3.763 / 1.808
1960 / 3.593 / 2.066
1964 / 3.504 / 1.877
1966 / 3.963 / 1.797
1968 / 4.233 / 1.867
1971 / 3.937 / 3.446
1973 / 6.856 / 1.201
1975 / 5.410 / 1.422
1977 / 5.174 / 0.406
1979 / 4.834 / 1.488
1981 / 5.468 / 1.560
1984 / 5.041 / 1.379
1987 / 5.312 / 2.109
1988 / 5.314 / 2.340
1990 / 4.364 / 2.609
1994 / 4.536 / 1.574
1998 / 4.714 / 0.422
2001 / 4.479 / 1.581
2005 / 4.893 / 1.757
2007 / 5.334 / 0.718

FINLAND

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP
1945 / 4.766 / 2.708
1948 / 4.542 / 3.042
1951 / 4.780 / 1.728
1954 / 4.713 / 2.149
1958 / 4.867 / 2.169
1962 / 5.092 / 4.129
1966 / 4.964 / 2.925
1970 / 5.580 / 2.901
1972 / 5.507 / 2.327
1975 / 5.312 / 3.221
1979 / 5.208 / 2.678
1983 / 5.140 / 2.191
1987 / 4.933 / 4.973
1991 / 5.230 / 3.179
1995 / 4.884 / 3.653
1999 / 5.136 / 3.165
2003 / 4.920 / 3.078
2007 / 5.119 / 3.133

FRANCE

ELECTION
YEAR / ENPP / DISPROP / PRESID DISPROP
1958 / 3.448 / 17.359
1962 / 3.428 / 12.261
1965 / 44.803
1967 / 3.759 / 8.209
1968 / 2.490 / 15.713
1969 / 41.789
1973 / 4.516 / 9.003
1974 / 49.195
1978 / 4.196 / 5.374
5/1981 / 48.244
6/1981 / 2.679 / 13.117
1986 / 3.896 / 7.228
5/1988 / 45.981
6/1988 / 3.069 / 9.684
1993 / 2.859 / 20.439
1995 / 47.358
1997 / 3.540 / 17.686
5/2002 / 17.787
6/2002 / 2.152 / 22.992
5/2007 / 53.065
6/2007 / 2.373 / 13.809

GERMANY