SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
The sensitivity of short-term health effect estimates from time-series studies to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) component sampling schedule
Sun-Young Kim, Ph.D 1, Lianne Sheppard, Ph.D 1,2,Michael P. Hannigan, Ph.D 3, Steven J. Dutton, Ph.D 4,Jennifer L. Peel, Ph.D 5, Maggie L. Clark, Ph.D 5, Sverre Vedal, MD, MSc1
1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
2 Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, RTP, NC, USA
5 Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Contents
Supplemental Table 1
Supplemental Table 2
Supplemental Figure 1
Supplemental Figure 2
Supplemental Figure 3
Supplemental Figure 4
Supplemental Table 1. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease hospital admissions for an interquartile increase of PM2.5and four PM2.5components across lag 0 to 3 by time-series data of complete and every thirdsampling days in the five-county Denver metropolitan area for 2003-2007.
RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI
Cardiovascular disease / PM2.5 / 0 / 1.011 / 1.004 / 1.0196) / 1.014 / 1.001 / 1.028 / 1.007 / 0.994 / 1.020 / 1.010 / 0.998 / 1.023 / 1.012 / 0.999 / 1.025
1 / 1.003 / 0.996 / 1.010 / 1.005 / 0.992 / 1.018 / 1.000 / 0.987 / 1.012 / 1.002 / 0.991 / 1.014 / 1.000 / 0.988 / 1.012
2 / 0.994 / 0.988 / 1.001 / 0.984 / 0.972 / 0.997 / 0.997 / 0.985 / 1.009 / 1.002 / 0.991 / 1.013 / 0.998 / 0.987 / 1.010
3 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.006 / 1.009 / 0.996 / 1.022 / 0.996 / 0.984 / 1.007 / 0.992 / 0.981 / 1.004 / 0.991 / 0.979 / 1.003
EC / 0 / 1.019 / 1.010 / 1.027 / 1.014 / 1.000 / 1.028 / 1.027 / 1.012 / 1.043 / 1.010 / 0.994 / 1.027 / 1.006 / 0.989 / 1.024
1 / 1.005 / 0.996 / 1.013 / 1.006 / 0.991 / 1.020 / 1.003 / 0.987 / 1.019 / 1.005 / 0.988 / 1.022 / 1.009 / 0.991 / 1.028
2 / 0.991 / 0.982 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 0.979 / 1.008 / 0.986 / 0.970 / 1.002 / 1.003 / 0.987 / 1.020 / 0.995 / 0.977 / 1.013
3 / 0.996 / 0.987 / 1.004 / 0.993 / 0.979 / 1.007 / 0.994 / 0.979 / 1.010 / 0.991 / 0.975 / 1.007 / 0.992 / 0.974 / 1.011
OC / 0 / 1.017 / 1.007 / 1.027 / 1.010 / 0.992 / 1.028 / 1.019 / 1.002 / 1.036 / 1.019 / 1.000 / 1.038 / 1.020 / 0.999 / 1.041
1 / 1.006 / 0.996 / 1.017 / 1.008 / 0.990 / 1.026 / 1.006 / 0.989 / 1.023 / 1.007 / 0.988 / 1.026 / 1.003 / 0.982 / 1.024
2 / 0.998 / 0.989 / 1.008 / 0.996 / 0.978 / 1.014 / 0.998 / 0.982 / 1.015 / 1.007 / 0.989 / 1.026 / 1.005 / 0.984 / 1.026
3 / 0.999 / 0.989 / 1.009 / 0.999 / 0.981 / 1.016 / 1.000 / 0.983 / 1.016 / 0.991 / 0.973 / 1.010 / 0.987 / 0.967 / 1.008
Sulfate / 0 / 1.007 / 1.000 / 1.013 / 1.016 / 1.001 / 1.030 / 1.000 / 0.990 / 1.011 / 1.007 / 0.996 / 1.017 / 1.010 / 0.999 / 1.021
1 / 1.005 / 0.999 / 1.011 / 1.006 / 0.993 / 1.019 / 1.011 / 1.001 / 1.021 / 0.999 / 0.990 / 1.009 / 0.999 / 0.989 / 1.009
2 / 1.001 / 0.996 / 1.007 / 0.999 / 0.986 / 1.011 / 0.999 / 0.990 / 1.008 / 1.005 / 0.995 / 1.014 / 1.003 / 0.994 / 1.012
3 / 1.002 / 0.997 / 1.008 / 1.008 / 0.996 / 1.021 / 1.001 / 0.992 / 1.010 / 0.998 / 0.988 / 1.007 / 0.994 / 0.984 / 1.004
Nitrate / 0 / 1.003 / 0.999 / 1.007 / 1.002 / 0.994 / 1.010 / 0.999 / 0.992 / 1.007 / 1.007 / 1.000 / 1.014 / 1.007 / 1.000 / 1.015
1 / 0.999 / 0.995 / 1.003 / 1.000 / 0.993 / 1.007 / 1.000 / 0.993 / 1.007 / 0.996 / 0.990 / 1.002 / 0.994 / 0.988 / 1.001
2 / 0.998 / 0.994 / 1.001 / 0.997 / 0.991 / 1.004 / 0.997 / 0.991 / 1.003 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.005 / 0.997 / 0.991 / 1.004
3 / 1.000 / 0.997 / 1.004 / 1.004 / 0.997 / 1.011 / 0.998 / 0.992 / 1.004 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.005 / 0.997 / 0.990 / 1.003
Respiratory disease / PM2.5 / 0 / 0.998 / 0.990 / 1.005 / 1.000 / 0.986 / 1.014 / 0.992 / 0.978 / 1.005 / 0.996 / 0.984 / 1.008 / 0.994 / 0.982 / 1.008
1 / 0.996 / 0.989 / 1.003 / 0.992 / 0.978 / 1.005 / 1.002 / 0.990 / 1.015 / 0.991 / 0.980 / 1.003 / 0.995 / 0.983 / 1.007
2 / 0.990 / 0.983 / 0.996 / 0.994 / 0.981 / 1.007 / 0.989 / 0.977 / 1.002 / 0.985 / 0.974 / 0.997 / 0.986 / 0.975 / 0.998
3 / 0.999 / 0.992 / 1.006 / 1.001 / 0.988 / 1.014 / 0.999 / 0.987 / 1.011 / 0.997 / 0.986 / 1.009 / 0.999 / 0.987 / 1.010
EC / 0 / 1.001 / 0.992 / 1.010 / 1.003 / 0.988 / 1.018 / 1.003 / 0.987 / 1.019 / 0.994 / 0.977 / 1.011 / 0.993 / 0.974 / 1.011
1 / 1.001 / 0.992 / 1.011 / 0.991 / 0.976 / 1.007 / 1.009 / 0.993 / 1.026 / 1.007 / 0.989 / 1.025 / 1.020 / 1.001 / 1.040
2 / 0.990 / 0.981 / 0.999 / 0.986 / 0.972 / 1.001 / 0.992 / 0.977 / 1.008 / 0.986 / 0.969 / 1.003 / 0.987 / 0.969 / 1.006
3 / 1.005 / 0.996 / 1.014 / 0.995 / 0.980 / 1.010 / 1.005 / 0.990 / 1.021 / 1.018 / 1.002 / 1.035 / 1.021 / 1.002 / 1.040
OC / 0 / 0.997 / 0.986 / 1.008 / 0.992 / 0.973 / 1.012 / 0.998 / 0.980 / 1.016 / 0.996 / 0.976 / 1.017 / 0.993 / 0.971 / 1.016
1 / 1.006 / 0.995 / 1.017 / 0.997 / 0.978 / 1.017 / 1.020 / 1.002 / 1.039 / 0.999 / 0.979 / 1.020 / 1.009 / 0.986 / 1.032
2 / 0.991 / 0.981 / 1.002 / 0.994 / 0.975 / 1.014 / 0.994 / 0.976 / 1.012 / 0.986 / 0.967 / 1.006 / 0.984 / 0.962 / 1.007
3 / 1.002 / 0.992 / 1.013 / 0.995 / 0.976 / 1.014 / 1.001 / 0.984 / 1.019 / 1.007 / 0.987 / 1.027 / 1.004 / 0.982 / 1.027
Sulfate / 0 / 0.998 / 0.992 / 1.005 / 1.003 / 0.988 / 1.018 / 0.995 / 0.984 / 1.005 / 0.995 / 0.985 / 1.006 / 0.995 / 0.984 / 1.005
1 / 0.992 / 0.986 / 0.998 / 0.984 / 0.970 / 0.998 / 0.995 / 0.986 / 1.005 / 0.992 / 0.983 / 1.002 / 0.994 / 0.984 / 1.004
2 / 0.994 / 0.988 / 1.000 / 0.992 / 0.979 / 1.006 / 0.997 / 0.987 / 1.006 / 0.991 / 0.982 / 1.001 / 0.992 / 0.983 / 1.002
3 / 0.998 / 0.993 / 1.004 / 0.999 / 0.986 / 1.012 / 0.998 / 0.989 / 1.007 / 0.999 / 0.990 / 1.008 / 0.997 / 0.988 / 1.007
Nitrate / 0 / 1.001 / 0.997 / 1.005 / 1.005 / 0.997 / 1.012 / 0.996 / 0.989 / 1.004 / 0.999 / 0.992 / 1.005 / 0.999 / 0.992 / 1.006
1 / 0.997 / 0.994 / 1.001 / 0.993 / 0.986 / 1.000 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.006 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.005 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.006
2 / 0.995 / 0.991 / 0.998 / 0.993 / 0.986 / 1.000 / 0.996 / 0.989 / 1.002 / 0.994 / 0.988 / 1.000 / 0.994 / 0.988 / 1.000
3 / 1.001 / 0.997 / 1.004 / 1.003 / 0.997 / 1.010 / 0.999 / 0.993 / 1.005 / 1.000 / 0.995 / 1.006 / 1.000 / 0.994 / 1.006
1) C: complete daily schedule
2) E1: regular every third day schedule staring on January 1, 2003
3)E2: regular every third day schedule staring on January 2, 2003
4) E3: regular every third day schedule staring on January 3, 2003
5)E4:STN: irregular every third day schedule equivalent to the sampling schedule (E3 except for six mismatched and 120 additional missing days) at an existing STN site 13 kilometers away from the DASH monitoring site
6) Bold estimatesindicating statistical significance with lower bounds of 95% confidence intervals greater than 1
Supplemental Table 2. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of congestive heart failure and asthma hospital admissions for an interquartile increase of PM2.5and four PM2.5components across lag 0 to 3 by time-series data of complete and every thirdsampling days in the five-county Denver metropolitan area for 2003-2007.
Hospital admission / Pollutant / Lag / C1) / E12) / E23) / E34) / E4:STN5)RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI / RR / 95% CI
Congestive heart failure / PM2.5 / 0 / 0.999 / 0.982 / 1.017 / 0.990 / 0.958 / 1.023 / 1.014 / 0.984 / 1.045 / 0.996 / 0.968 / 1.026 / 1.003 / 0.973 / 1.034
1 / 0.994 / 0.978 / 1.011 / 1.007 / 0.976 / 1.038 / 0.987 / 0.958 / 1.016 / 0.988 / 0.961 / 1.016 / 0.984 / 0.955 / 1.013
2 / 1.001 / 0.985 / 1.017 / 0.999 / 0.969 / 1.029 / 0.996 / 0.969 / 1.024 / 1.005 / 0.979 / 1.032 / 1.002 / 0.975 / 1.030
3 / 1.011 / 0.996 / 1.027 / 1.029 / 0.999 / 1.060 / 1.004 / 0.977 / 1.031 / 1.004 / 0.978 / 1.031 / 0.999 / 0.971 / 1.028
EC / 0 / 1.004 / 0.984 / 1.023 / 0.981 / 0.950 / 1.014 / 1.040 / 1.004 / 1.0776) / 0.991 / 0.953 / 1.030 / 0.994 / 0.954 / 1.037
1 / 0.991 / 0.971 / 1.012 / 1.010 / 0.977 / 1.044 / 0.946 / 0.910 / 0.983 / 1.014 / 0.975 / 1.054 / 1.014 / 0.971 / 1.058
2 / 0.990 / 0.970 / 1.011 / 0.991 / 0.957 / 1.025 / 0.988 / 0.952 / 1.025 / 1.001 / 0.963 / 1.042 / 0.993 / 0.951 / 1.037
3 / 1.002 / 0.983 / 1.023 / 1.011 / 0.979 / 1.044 / 0.993 / 0.957 / 1.030 / 0.992 / 0.954 / 1.031 / 0.990 / 0.948 / 1.034
OC / 0 / 1.005 / 0.982 / 1.029 / 0.971 / 0.930 / 1.014 / 1.014 / 0.975 / 1.055 / 1.024 / 0.980 / 1.071 / 1.018 / 0.969 / 1.069
1 / 1.002 / 0.978 / 1.026 / 1.014 / 0.972 / 1.058 / 0.981 / 0.942 / 1.021 / 1.018 / 0.974 / 1.065 / 1.008 / 0.958 / 1.060
2 / 1.021 / 0.997 / 1.045 / 1.034 / 0.991 / 1.078 / 1.010 / 0.970 / 1.051 / 1.027 / 0.984 / 1.073 / 1.035 / 0.985 / 1.088
3 / 1.020 / 0.997 / 1.044 / 1.018 / 0.977 / 1.060 / 1.013 / 0.974 / 1.054 / 1.025 / 0.981 / 1.070 / 1.024 / 0.975 / 1.076
Sulfate / 0 / 1.005 / 0.990 / 1.020 / 1.014 / 0.980 / 1.050 / 1.008 / 0.984 / 1.033 / 0.995 / 0.971 / 1.020 / 0.999 / 0.974 / 1.025
1 / 0.994 / 0.980 / 1.009 / 0.991 / 0.960 / 1.022 / 1.001 / 0.978 / 1.024 / 0.990 / 0.966 / 1.014 / 0.992 / 0.968 / 1.017
2 / 0.998 / 0.984 / 1.011 / 1.002 / 0.972 / 1.032 / 0.992 / 0.970 / 1.014 / 1.000 / 0.978 / 1.022 / 0.996 / 0.975 / 1.019
3 / 1.005 / 0.992 / 1.018 / 1.015 / 0.986 / 1.045 / 1.001 / 0.980 / 1.023 / 0.999 / 0.977 / 1.021 / 0.997 / 0.974 / 1.020
Nitrate / 0 / 0.994 / 0.985 / 1.004 / 0.986 / 0.967 / 1.005 / 0.999 / 0.982 / 1.017 / 0.997 / 0.981 / 1.014 / 1.002 / 0.985 / 1.018
1 / 0.993 / 0.984 / 1.002 / 1.001 / 0.984 / 1.017 / 0.991 / 0.975 / 1.006 / 0.987 / 0.972 / 1.002 / 0.981 / 0.966 / 0.997
2 / 1.001 / 0.992 / 1.009 / 1.005 / 0.989 / 1.020 / 0.997 / 0.983 / 1.012 / 1.000 / 0.986 / 1.014 / 0.999 / 0.985 / 1.013
3 / 1.008 / 1.000 / 1.016 / 1.015 / 1.000 / 1.031 / 1.004 / 0.989 / 1.018 / 1.007 / 0.993 / 1.021 / 1.003 / 0.989 / 1.018
Asthma / PM2.5 / 0 / 0.993 / 0.973 / 1.013 / 1.022 / 0.986 / 1.060 / 0.982 / 0.946 / 1.019 / 0.975 / 0.942 / 1.008 / 0.970 / 0.936 / 1.006
1 / 0.990 / 0.972 / 1.009 / 1.005 / 0.970 / 1.041 / 0.992 / 0.959 / 1.027 / 0.970 / 0.940 / 1.002 / 0.966 / 0.934 / 1.000
2 / 0.993 / 0.975 / 1.011 / 0.998 / 0.964 / 1.034 / 0.972 / 0.941 / 1.004 / 1.007 / 0.977 / 1.038 / 1.000 / 0.969 / 1.032
3 / 1.003 / 0.985 / 1.021 / 1.017 / 0.984 / 1.051 / 1.008 / 0.977 / 1.041 / 0.991 / 0.961 / 1.021 / 1.004 / 0.973 / 1.037
EC / 0 / 0.987 / 0.964 / 1.011 / 0.991 / 0.953 / 1.030 / 0.976 / 0.935 / 1.019 / 0.993 / 0.949 / 1.039 / 0.981 / 0.934 / 1.030
1 / 0.996 / 0.972 / 1.020 / 0.986 / 0.947 / 1.026 / 1.005 / 0.962 / 1.050 / 0.994 / 0.949 / 1.042 / 1.004 / 0.953 / 1.058
2 / 0.995 / 0.971 / 1.019 / 0.968 / 0.929 / 1.009 / 0.995 / 0.953 / 1.037 / 1.026 / 0.980 / 1.074 / 1.022 / 0.973 / 1.075
3 / 1.026 / 1.003 / 1.050 / 1.040 / 1.001 / 1.081 / 1.049 / 1.006 / 1.094 / 0.999 / 0.956 / 1.045 / 1.019 / 0.969 / 1.071
OC / 0 / 0.980 / 0.953 / 1.008 / 0.947 / 0.899 / 0.997 / 0.985 / 0.940 / 1.033 / 1.006 / 0.956 / 1.059 / 1.004 / 0.948 / 1.062
1 / 0.995 / 0.967 / 1.024 / 1.002 / 0.952 / 1.055 / 1.015 / 0.968 / 1.064 / 0.968 / 0.918 / 1.021 / 0.972 / 0.915 / 1.032
2 / 0.999 / 0.971 / 1.027 / 0.964 / 0.916 / 1.015 / 0.983 / 0.937 / 1.030 / 1.056 / 1.004 / 1.109 / 1.058 / 1.000 / 1.119
3 / 1.017 / 0.990 / 1.045 / 1.054 / 1.004 / 1.106 / 1.023 / 0.977 / 1.071 / 0.979 / 0.931 / 1.030 / 0.998 / 0.942 / 1.056
Sulfate / 0 / 0.997 / 0.980 / 1.014 / 1.032 / 0.994 / 1.071 / 0.991 / 0.965 / 1.019 / 0.976 / 0.948 / 1.005 / 0.966 / 0.936 / 0.998
1 / 0.986 / 0.970 / 1.002 / 0.985 / 0.950 / 1.021 / 0.989 / 0.963 / 1.016 / 0.983 / 0.958 / 1.009 / 0.983 / 0.956 / 1.010
2 / 1.000 / 0.985 / 1.015 / 1.011 / 0.977 / 1.047 / 0.995 / 0.971 / 1.018 / 0.997 / 0.972 / 1.022 / 0.993 / 0.968 / 1.019
3 / 1.001 / 0.986 / 1.016 / 1.016 / 0.984 / 1.050 / 1.001 / 0.978 / 1.025 / 0.989 / 0.964 / 1.015 / 0.997 / 0.972 / 1.023
Nitrate / 0 / 0.999 / 0.988 / 1.010 / 1.022 / 1.003 / 1.041 / 0.985 / 0.965 / 1.006 / 0.986 / 0.968 / 1.005 / 0.986 / 0.967 / 1.006
1 / 0.995 / 0.985 / 1.005 / 0.999 / 0.981 / 1.018 / 0.992 / 0.974 / 1.010 / 0.992 / 0.975 / 1.008 / 0.989 / 0.972 / 1.007
2 / 0.992 / 0.983 / 1.002 / 0.989 / 0.971 / 1.008 / 0.989 / 0.972 / 1.006 / 0.997 / 0.980 / 1.013 / 0.995 / 0.978 / 1.011
3 / 0.999 / 0.989 / 1.008 / 1.009 / 0.992 / 1.027 / 1.002 / 0.985 / 1.019 / 0.989 / 0.973 / 1.005 / 0.998 / 0.982 / 1.015
1)C: complete daily schedule
2) E1: regular every third day schedule staring on January 1, 2003
3)E2: regular every third day schedule staring on January 2, 2003
4) E3: regular every third day schedule staring on January 3, 2003
5)E4:STN: irregular every third day schedule equivalent to the sampling schedule (E3 except for six mismatched and 120 additional missing days) at an existing STN site 13 kilometers away from the DASH monitoring site
6) Bold estimatesindicating statistical significance with lower bounds of 95% confidence intervals greater than 1
Supplemental Figure 1. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hospital admissions for an interquartile increase of PM2.5components in five out of the eight example cases showing statistically significant difference between time-series data within the same component, diseases, and lag based on the hypothetical test,before and after trimming 5% of the data from the top and the bottom of the distribution for PM2.5components or hospital admissions in the five-county Denver metropolitan area for 2003-2007 (statistically different RRs across data setsare presented by squares for higher RRs and triangles for lower RRs between each other, respectively; asterisk on the headingsindicates whether exposure or outcome is trimmed).
Supplemental Figure 2.Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hospital admissions for an interquartile increase of PM2.5components in five out of the eight example cases showing statistically significant difference between time-series data within the same component, diseases, and lag based on the hypothetical test, before and after removing the long-term time trend estimated in the complete data sets from daily hospital admissions in the five-county Denver metropolitan area for 2003-2007 (statistically different RRs across data setsarepresented by squares for higher RRs and triangles for lower RRs between each other, respectively).
Supplemental Figure 3.Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of total and subcategories of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions (CVD= cardiovascular disease; RD= respiratory disease;CHF= congestive heart failure; IHD= ischemic heart disease; CBVD= cerebrovascular disease; IS= ischemic stroke; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; URI= upper respiratory infection) for an interquartile increase of four PM2.5components by time-series data of complete and every thirdsampling days in the five-county Denver metropolitan area for 2003-2007.
Supplemental Figure 4. RRs and 95% CIs of PM2.5and four components on cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease (RD), asthma, and congestive heart failure (CHF) hospital admissions in three every third day (E1, E2, E3) data sets and medians of RRs and 95% coverage of the distributions in the randomly-selected every 603 day (Random) and sequential 603 day (Sequential) data sets
1