Chapter 4
Tissue: The Living Fabric: Part B
Connective Tissue
•Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
•Four main classes
–Connective tissue proper
–Cartilage
–Bone
–Blood
Major Functionsof Connective Tissue
•Binding and support
•Protecting
•Insulating
•Storing reserve fuel
•Transporting substances (blood)
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
•Three characteristics make connective tissues different from other primary tissues
–Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
–Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
–Have extracellular matrix
•Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
•Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
–So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
•Three elements
–Ground substance
–Fibers
–Cells
Ground Substance
•Unstructured material that fills space between cells
–Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
•Components
–Interstitial fluid
–Cell adhesion proteins ("glue" for attachment)
–Proteoglycans
•Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
•Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance
Connective Tissue Fibers
•Three types of fibers provide support
–Collagen
•Strongest and most abundant type
•Tough; provides high tensile strength
–Elastic fibers
•Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
–Reticular
•Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
•Branch, forming networks that offer more "give"
Cells
•"Blast" cells
–Immature form; mitotically active; secrete ground substance and fibers
–Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
–Chondroblasts in cartilage
–Osteoblastsin bone
–Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
•"Cyte" cells
–Mature form; maintain matrix
–Chondrocytes in cartilage
–Osteocytes in bone
Other Cell Types in Connective Tissues
•Fat cells
–Store nutrients
•White blood cells
–Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
–Tissue response to injury
•Mast cells
–Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
•Macrophages
–Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system
Types of Connective Tissues: Connective Tissue Proper
•All connective tissues except bone, cartilage and blood
•Two subclasses
–Loose connective tissues
•Areolar
•Adipose
•Reticular
–Dense connective tissues (also called fibrous connective tissues)
•Dense regular
•Dense irregular
•Elastic
Areolar Connective Tissue
•Support and bind other tissues
–Universal packing material between other tissues
•Most widely distributed
•Provide reservoir of water and salts
•Defend against infection
•Store nutrients as fat
•Fibroblasts
•Loose arrangement of fibers
•Ground substance
•When inflamed soaks up fluid edema
Adipose Tissue
•White fat
–Similar to areolar but greater nutrient storage
–Cell is adipocyte
•Stores nutrients
–Scanty matrix
–Richly vascularized
–Shock absorption, insulation, energy storage
•Brown fat
–Use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream not to produce ATP
Reticular Connective Tissue
•Resembles areolar but fibers are reticular fibers
•Fibroblasts called reticular cells
•Supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
•Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull
–White structures with great resistance to pulling
–Fibers slightly wavy so stretch a little
•Fibroblasts manufacture fibers and ground substance
•Few cells
•Poorly vascularized
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
•Same elements but bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged
•Resists tension from many directions
–Dermis
–Fibrous joint capsules
–Fibrous coverings of some organs
Elastic Connective Tissue
•Some ligaments very elastic
–Those connecting adjacent vertebrae
•Many of larger arteries have in walls
Cartilage
•Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
•Tough yet flexible
•Lacks nerve fibers
•Up to 80% water - can rebound after compression
•Avascular
–Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it
•Perichondrium
•Three types of cartilage:
–Hyaline cartilage
–Elastic cartilage
–Fibrocartilage
Bone
•Also called osseous tissue
•Supports and protects body structures
•Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
•More collagen than cartilage
•Has inorganic calcium salts
•Osteoblasts produce matrix
•Osteocytes maintain the matrix
•Osteons – structural units
•Richly vascularized
Blood
•Most atypical connective tissue – is a fluid
•Red blood cells most common cell type
•Also contains white blood cells and platelets
•Fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting
•Functions in transport
Muscle Tissue
•Highly vascularized
•Responsible for most types of movement
•Three types
–Skeletal muscle tissue
•Found in skeletal muscle
•Voluntary
–Cardiac muscle tissue
•Found in walls of heart
•Involuntary
–Smooth muscle tissue
•Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart
•Involuntary
Nervous Tissue
•Main component of nervous system
–Brain, spinal cord, nerves
–Regulates and controls body functions
•Neurons
–Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
•Neuroglia
–Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
Covering and Lining Membranes
•Three types
Cutaneous Membranes
•Skin
•Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
•Dry membrane
Mucous Membranes
•Mucosa indicates location not cell composition
•All called mucosae
–Line body cavities open to the exterior(e.g., Digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts)
•Moist membranes bathed by secretions (or urine)
•May secrete mucus
Serous Membranes
•Serosae—found in closed ventral body cavity
•Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue
•Parietal serosae line internal body cavity walls
•Visceral serosae cover internal organs
•Serous fluid between layers
•Moist membranes
•Pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum
Tissue Repair
•Necessary when barriers are penetrated
•Cells must divide and migrate
•Occurs in two major ways
–Regeneration
•Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
•Original function restored
–Fibrosis
•Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
•Original function lost
Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 1
•Inflammation sets stage
–Release of inflammatory chemicals
–Dilation of blood vessels
–Increase in vessel permeability
–Clotting occurs
Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 2
•Organization restores blood supply
–The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue
–Epithelium begins to regenerate
–Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap
–Debris is phagocytized
Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 3
•Regeneration and fibrosis
–The scab detaches
–Fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
–Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues
•Regenerate extremely well
–Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue
•Moderate regenerating capacity
–Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue
•Virtually no functional regenerative capacity
–Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
–New research shows cell division does occur
•Efforts underway to coax them to regenerate better
Aging Tissues
•Normally function well through youth and middle age if adequate diet, circulation, and infrequent wounds and infections
•Epithelia thin with increasing age so more easily breached
•Tissue repair less efficient
•Bone, muscle and nervous tissues begin to atrophy
•DNA mutations possible increased cancer risk
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.