Pollution Notes other than Water

Air Pollution

History of Air Pollution

There are tiny solid suspended in the atmosphere are called ______such as ash, dust, and soot. Particulates can be coarse or fine particles in the air that cause harm to humans inside buildings as well as outdoors.

  • Particulate emissions have caused pollution for over 2,000 years
  • In the 12th century in London England trees became scarce so they started using sea-coal to heat homes and factories- Forming smog in England and Rome.
  • During King Edward I reign he decided to make it illegal to burn ______because Rome had foul air. The law was similar to The______now and enforced with penalties so bad that one man was even execution in 1,273 in Rome, Italy.
  • ______come from vehicle exhaust and coal-burning plants
  • ______come from roads, fields, cement plants, mining operations, incinerators, and wood-burning fireplaces

What is the difference between primary and secondary pollutants?

  • Primary pollutants______
  • Examples: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxides are all volatile organic compounds
  • Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxidesare the greatest problem caused by vehicle exhausted
  • Sulfur dioxide forms from burning coal and oil and form power plants
  • Secondary pollutants______(especially water vapor) or ______.
  • Example: Ground-zero ozone forms when ultraviolet rays react to vehicle emission

Outdoor pollutants

  • Particulates
  • Most gaseous pollutants are called ______-compounds with oxygen and carbon, sulfur, or nitrogen.
  • ______is formed oxides and nitrogen dioxide.
  • ______are another gas pollutant-Methane the most common, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have C, Cl, and F
  • Over 2 million people live in Lanzhou, China and have been facing smoke from coal and exhaust from cars for many years.
  • Since they live in a valley there was no way to recirculate to fumes and smog forms.
  • ______occurs when air pollution hangs over city areas and causes reduces visibility.
  • Harmful to all plants and animals
  • Causes worsening breathing problems, headaches, nausea, irritation to eyes, nose, and throat in humans.
  • Usually reversible once the conditions improve.
  • Long term effects can lead to lung cancer, heart disease, and breathing disorders
  • Non-smokers were breathing in so much smoke that it was equivalent to smoke a pack of cigarettes every day.
  • Solution-______
  • They got together and voted to use ______to get rid of over ______in the 1990’s
  • The blast from the explosion ______so they had to come together again and decided to convert to unleaded gasoline, plant trees, used natural gas ______. They also used Wind, Solar, and Hydroelectric power to provide additional cleared options.
  • Since 1987, Australia has been sponsoring the World Solar Challenge-a race to create better cars with solar energy.
  • It is a 3,022 km race across the country and was started in efforts to show awareness of alternate powered vehicles.
  • The first race was won by ______finishing 1st in under 33 hours and averaging 57.04 mph.
  • The last year’s race was on Oct. 26 ,2015
  • Now there are different groups: Challenge class, Cruiser class, and Adventurous class.
  • Spoiler alert was a 3-D printed completed car that only weighed 250g called the Nuna 8.

The control of Motor Vehicle Emissions started in 1970, 1990, and again in 2010 by the EPA.

  • Unleaded gas and the catalytic converter were developed
  • ______: Hydrogen-powered and other alternative energy vehicles

Indoor pollutants

  • ______(car exhaust and faulty furnaces), Formaldehyde (furniture, carpeting, particleboard, and form insulation), Paradichlorobenzene (moth ball crystals and air fresheners), Methyl chloride (paint strippers and paint thinners),Tetrachloroethylene (dry cleaning fluid),Ammonia (household cleaners), Hydrocarbons (household cleaners), Asbestos (common insulation in homes and buildings built before 1970-now banned in USA and must be removed if found), Nitrogen oxides (unvented gas stove, wood stove, kerosene heater), Particulates, and bacteria and fungi (dirty heating and air conditioning ducts)
  • ______is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas from uranium under the house.
  • Seeps in the house through cracks or holes in the foundation
  • ______is rain, snow, or dust that is more acidic than normal less than ______.
  • ______can have high levels of ______compounds (VOCs) –use ______for much lower levels of VOCs
  • Some companies are now offering totally free VOCs paints but they are more expensive-Green environment paints-Green America products
  • ______is three Oxygen elements chemically bonded together.
  • Ground ozone pollution damages crops and change the climate of ecosystems
  • Caused by VOCs-oxides and nitrogen oxides products
  • ______-greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, sulfur, nitrogen, ozone, CFCs, and water vapor trap radiated heat by gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
  • Global warming is heating up the world.
  • Air Quality in schools and some businesses.
  • According to the US Environmental Protection Agency recently stated that ½ the schools in the USA have poor air quality problems.
  • ______occur in buildings with very poor air quality.
  • Common in hot climates where buildings are tightly sealed to keep heat out and in the process not letting clean air in.
  • Often schools and building with this problem develop ______that are growing in the building-especially from ______, carpet, air conditioning ducts, and ______.
  • ______requires industries to now have ______(They are filters inside that work by spraying gases with water to eliminate most pollutants)
  • ______now have to have ______
  • The process involves electricity hitting the dust particles and the dust stick to one another and the smoke-stack chambers. Then the clean air is released and the solid particles in the chambers are taken out and removed from the area.

Noise Pollution

The intensity of sound in measured in ______(dB). Anything at or over ______is considered a pollutant-Personal listening devices are not regulated in the USA.

  • Causes hearing loss in humans

Light Pollution

Anything that causes visibility decreases of the night sky is considered a light pollutant.

  • ______

Chicago, Illinois dim the lights of tall buildings during bird migration seasons

  • Areas where ______cause them to move toward the light instead of the ocean

Some areas where hatchings emerge ______during these times

  • Waste of energy

Buy ______(LEDs) that and tilt them downward

Land Pollution

______are naturally occurring, nonliving solid, with a definite structure and composition and

  • ______that contain a useful substance that can be mined at a profit.
  • Humans are destroying areas where minerals and ores can be mined.
  • By the 10th century Native Indians in North America had turquoise mines using picks, hammers, grooves axes, and mauls (similar to a hammer) made from igneous rocks, quartz, and quartzite.
  • ______are being used as a form of environmental pollution control (removal of metals from mine wastewater, radioactive waste, air pollution, aquaculture, gas purification and separation, and heat storage.
  • ______was mined for lead.
  • ______are being used in many mining applications such as for a bioleaching method and for acid mine drainage
  • ______is being developed for Surface and subsurface mining operations to help prevent accidents.
  • ______is researching ways to pretend underground fires and explosions that put miners in danger. (Underground Fires and Explosions Laboratory)

______extracts by removing huge amounts of overlaying soil and rock, in do so it completely changes the landscape.

  • Used to remove ore deposits near the surface
  • ______is often used for coal and metals
  • 1st explosives are used to break up the material
  • Then heavy equipment gets rid of the unusable material layer by layer (______) until they get to the minerals they want
  • Then the usable mineral is hauled away in trucks
  • ______ is a form of open –pit mining
  • For granite, marble, gravel, and other building materials

______is less disruptive to Earth’s surface than surface mining where a shaft is dug into the crust and then explosions are used.

  • Room-and pillar mining is common for salt and coal
  • ______is a more efficient way to find coal seams (veins)
  • A machine called a ______moves back and forth at the vein to obtain the coal and then a conveyor takes the coal out of the mine. A special roof (______ roof) is supported while they process takes place. When an area is finished the roof collapses when the support is released.
  • ______is used to when soluble mineral ores are found.
  • Examples: For potash, salt, and sulfur

______process is crushing and then melting the material at high temperatures.

  • ______is used to bond to impurities and separate the molten metals.

Undersea Mining

Mining regulations and Reclamation

After the mining process is finished in an area the owners (private and public) of the mine are responsible for getting the area back to its original condition (or better than original state).

  • ______
  • Includes but not limited to: leveling, seeding, planting, and irrigation

______is all garbage (trash from our homes), refuse (any product the waste management people collect), and sludge (mixture of solid and liquid) products from agriculture, forestry, mining, and municipalities.

  • A ______is a site where wastes are disposed of by burying them. Problems are foul odor, leaching of toxic substances, leakage of chemicals, and pathogens.

Humans throw away a lot of trash-how much can be recycled?

______

Types of Hazardous waste

  • ______-Waste that can explode
  • ______-Wastes that can eat through steel and many other materials
  • ______-Substances that can burst into flames at low temperatures
  • Solvents, lubricants, and sealants
  • ______-Chemicals that are poisonous to people (and can cause health risks)
  • Toxic heavy metals like Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc
  • Pesticides and herbicides
  • ______
  • ______-Old prescriptions, syringes, etc.
  • ______-Harmful chemicals found in the home, businesses, and schools
  • Dyes, cleansers, and solvents
  • PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) from old electrical equipment, such as heating systems and television sets
  • Paints
  • Old batteries
  • Motor Oil-Must be put in leak-proof containers and then to an automobile or service station that accepts it, a trash facility that accepts it, or designated oil-collection receptacles in your area. –A lot of illegal dumping of this material
  • Some places recycle the oil

What substances are considered to be biodegradable?

______

Disposing of Hazardous Waste

______(selling toxic materials to another company at a lower price so the 1st company does not have to pay for the waste disposal)

______(Build deep wells in the deep rock areas and inject liquid hazardous materials-petroleum products) Waste is pumped deep in the ground below the water table. Then the waste is covered up with cement to prevent contamination of groundwater. (See p. 497)

______-A pond with a sealed bottom. The waste accumulate and settle to the bottom of the pond, while water evaporates from the pond and leaves room to add more waste.

______(neutralizing the chemicals and then recycling them)

______(burning), Chemical and Biological Treatment Plants (neutralizes chemicals and biological waste)

______(Tanks encased in concrete vaults)

______-Several guidelines to prevent waste from forming.

______–concentrated or solid hazardous waste put in barrels and transported to another location and buried in the ground or stored in landfills.

  • Landfills have extra safety precautions to prevent leakage.

Human Health Problems Due to Pollution

The World Health Organization (WHO)–collects data on diseases and disorders associated with pollution.

Environmental effects on Humans and other organisms consist of the following:

  1. Diseases
  2. Disorders
  3. Disruption of hormones
  4. ______
  5. Can’t reproduce offspring
  6. ______-Lead poisoning from eating lead-based paint
  7. PCBS cause ______in adult humans
  8. Biological Hazardous Waste can cause: Lung infections, AIDS, Diarrheal diseases, Tuberculosis, Measles, Diphtheria, Malaria, Tetanus, and tropical diseases that can include parasites, etc.

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