Reproduction NOTES

Unit Outcome- Bio 8

TLW describe the structures and processes involved in the reproduction and development of plants and animals.

  1. TLW describe & five examples of different forms of asexual reproduction
  2. TLW draw, label & list function of flower parts
  3. TLW explain embryo formation in flowering plants.
  4. TLW explain the generalized life cycle of flowering plants and the processes which must occur.
  5. TLW label and relate human reproductive structures to function in females and males.
  6. TLW compare the estrous cycle in mammals with the menstrual cycle in humans.
  7. TLW describe events occurring during pregnancy.

Plant Reproduction

  1. Asexual reproduction: Plants being remade without sex cells (egg or sperm/pollen)

Examples

  1. Tip or stem layering
  2. Cuttings
  3. Grating
  4. Budding
  5. Runners
  6. Bulb or corm splitting
  7. Rhizomes
  8. Tubers
  1. Sexual Reproduction

The fusion of two different sets of DNA

Plants can utilize asexual reproduction as well as sexual reproduction.

  1. Label flower and give function of parts.

  1. Flower types

1.Perfect

2.Imperfect

3.Complete

4.Incomplete

  1. Pollination -

1.Self-pollination

2.Cross-pollination

  1. Label each figure at upper right.

3.Pollinators

Fertilization = union of egg and sperm:

4.

5.

  1. Flower  Fruit

1.

  1. Seeds
  1. Definition: An embryo plant provided with a food supply and a protective coat.
  2. Function of seed parts.
  1. testa
  1. cotyledon
  1. radicle
  1. epicotyl
  1. hypocotyls
  1. Hilum
  1. Micropyle
  1. Germination
  2. Definition: The development of a seed into a plant
  3. Germination requirements

a.

b.

c.

I. Seed Dispersal

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

J. Life Spans

  1. Label this flower diagram from memory:

Animal Reproduction = Only SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

External Fertilization – laying of a large number of eggs at one time (usually in water).

Internal Fertilization – occurs inside the female parent’s body.

  1. Female Human Anatomy

I.Female reproductive organ =______

II.Job:

III.Location:

IV.What is the egg (ova)?

  1. The egg (haploid = 23 chromosomes)
  1. When are eggs made?
  2. When is an egg released (ovulation)?
  1. Does she release all her eggs?
  1. Journey of the EGG
  2. Where does the egg go after ovulation?

b. How long does the egg live?

1.Ovary –

2.Oviduct
(Fallopian Tube)–

3.Uterus –

  1. Endometrium –

4.Cervix –

5.Vagina –

J. If the egg gets fertilized, where does it go?

L. Are drugs, medication or diet going to affect the final outcome of the egg?

M. What affects the female’s reproductive system?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e. ______(27% of female cancers affect reproductive system, 18% breast cancer, 9% uterine cancer)

  1. Anatomy– Label the diagram

Secondary Sex Characteristics

N. Female Changes

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V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

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O. Hormones Estrogen and ______are made in the ______

Problems:

Vulvovaginitis

ectopicpregnancy

endometriosis

Ovarian Tumors -

Ovarian cysts–

Cervical cancer -

P. Male Human Anatomy

  1. Male reproductive organ =______
  2. Job:

Location:

Q. The sperm (haploid = 23 chromosomes)

  1. What is sperm?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

  1. When are sperm made?
  1. How long does sperm live?
  1. Where would a sperm meet an egg?

e. How are sperm released?

R. Anatomy

  1. Seminal Vesicle –
  2. Prostate –
  3. Urethra –

Anatomy – Label the Diagram

  1. Vas Deferens–
  2. Epididymis –
  3. Scrotum –
  4. Testis –
  5. Seminiferous tubules -
  6. Penis -
  7. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) –
  1. Prepuce (foreskin) –

k. Semen -

S. What is circumcision?

T. What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

U. What affects sperm?

Secondary Sex Traits

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

Hormone ______made in the testes

______is made from ______to ______

Problems:

Infertility Problems –

Testicular Cancer -

Undescended testicle:

Epididymitis-

Enlarged Prostate -

W. Secondary Sex Characteristics

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X. Hormones - ______made in the ______

Secondary Sex Charachteristics

I. Puberty

A. Hormones

B. Pubescence

II. Hormones’ influences

hypothalamus (gland in brain) sends messages to pituitary

A. Pituitary (another gland in brain) hormones are produced

1. Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH and LH)

a.

b.

c.

2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

a. Female:

b. Male:.

c. Amount of FSH in males is the same throughout life to allow constant production of sperm.

3. Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

a. Female:

b. Male:

B. Hormones made by sex organs

1. Estrogenic hormones

a.

b. Estrogen:

c. Progesterone:

d. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

-

-

-

  1. Androgenic hormones

- testosterone:

- castration:

  1. Adrenal hormones: affect maturing of sex cells

III. Menopause –“change of life”

A.

B.

C.

D.

IV. Common symptoms (result of lower estrogen levels)

1. 6.

2. 7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5.

F. Treatment of symptoms

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1.

2.

3.

4.

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G. Risks

a.

b.

c.

H. Male menopause?

Problems with Reproduction

Infertility –

Menstruation

Menstrual Cycle -

Definition –

1. Menstruation (Days 1-5) –

a. Corpus luteum dies –

b. Progesterone –

c. Follicle-stimulating hormone –

2. Follicle stage (Days 6-14)

a. Pituitary –

b. Several follicles begin to develop but only one matures

c. Secretes estrogen as follicle matures –

d.

e. High estrogen –

f. LH peaks –

3. Corpus luteum stage (Days 15 – 28)

a.

b. Corpus luteum

c.

4. Diagram summary

During pregnancy, estrogen and progesterone levels rise dramatically (about 300x). At birth, they drop drastically and prolactin production increases to begin milk production.

5. Animals having a menstrual cycle (humans, apes, monkeys)

6. Estrous cycle

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

  1. Birth Control pills

Menstrual Cycle Chart

Menstrual Problems

  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Menorrhagia
  • Oligomenorrhea
  • Amenorrhea

Body Story – Invasion of the Embryo Video

NOTES ON PREGNANCY

  1. After fertilization, how is the zygote able to implant itself to the womb (uterus) of the female?
  1. What is HCG and what is its function during pregnancy?
  1. What did she pick up at the drug store?
  1. Why is she unable to pick up the ringing telephone? What causes it?
  1. After six weeks of development, how big is the embryo?
  1. What are some of the changes that she goes through while carrying the child? (it will be mentioned throughout the video, create a list)
  1. After 9 weeks of growth, what is the embryo now called?
  1. Can her womb (uterus) grow new cells to allow for the growth of the baby? Why or why not?
  1. How does the female body create room for the growing fetus?
  1. What is the underlying reason that she is constantly taking trips to the restroom?
  1. Describe how the mother gets the nutrients the fetus needs even though she cannot consume them through eating alone?
  1. While painting the babies room the narrator mentions Braxton Hicks Contractions? What are they and why does she get them?
  1. How does the baby trigger the contractions at the beginning of labor and what is the result?
  1. What way did the baby come out of the mother? Why is it important the baby comes out in this way?

Pregnancy Notes

I. Haploid Gametes:

  1. Sperm (______chromosomes)
  2. Egg (______chromosomes)
  3. Combine to form a diploid (______chromosomes) ZYGOTE!
  1. Fertilization

III. Journey of the Egg

  1. Babe’s house in Mom
  2. Amnion:
  1. Placenta:
  1. Umbilical Cord:

a.

b.

c.

A. Detecting pregnancy

1.Chemical Test:

2.Ultrasound

3.Morning Sickness

4.Embryo’s heart beats ______per second.

B. Changes in Mom

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Name during Pregnancy

D. Labor

1. Uterus – begins

2. Placenta

3.. Amnionic Sac –

4. Contractions –

5. Cervix –

6. Drugs –

Position of Baby during labor

Pain Killers

E. Apgar Test – one minute and five minutes after birth

F. Lactation:Milk Secretion

1.

2.

3.

4.

Abrupt Changes for Baby

Human Development:

Development – series of changes leading to formation of a mature organism.

Patterns of Animal Development

Baby Development

Week 1 – 2 (discussed above in pregnancy)

  1. Implantation
  2. Embryonic Stem Cells

Drugs?

Ethical Issues?

Embryo Takes Shape

Three Types of Cells

Ectoderm -

Endoderm -

Mesoderm –

J. Baby Development

  1. Embryo (Weeks 2-9)
  2. Week 2 – 4
  1. Week 5 - 9
  1. Fetus (Weeks 9-38)
  2. Week 10-14
  3. 20 weeks

Notes on Human Development and PregnancyVideo – Mystery of Birth

  1. What is the true name for the “yellow body” that replaces the follicle after it releases the egg?
  1. What happens if the egg is not fertilized?
  1. How many sperm are in one ejaculation?
  1. How fast can sperm swim?

Note: Divide this number by 440 to figure out how fast a sperm can swim in terms of miles per hour.

  1. How long can sperm stay alive?
  2. Not all sperm are perfect. What are some examples of different sperm deformities?
  1. “Normal” sperm have a long way to go to get from the vagina to the egg in the oviduct. One of the barriers that the sperm have to pas through is the cervix. Describe what the cervix mucous is like when a woman is most fertile.
  1. Freshly ejaculated sperm are not ready to fertilize an egg yet. How long will it take before sperm are ready?
  1. How big is an egg cell?
  2. How many sperm finally reach the egg?
  3. How does the sperm penetrate the egg?
  1. A miscarriage is when a fertilized egg does not reach the birth stage around week 40. How many fertilized eggs actually survive for two weeks after conception?
  1. What is an ectopic pregnancy?
  1. How old is the pre-embryo when it implants in the lining of the uterus?
  1. Just for your information, the cells in that hollow ball have not decided what type of cell they are going to be yet. They could become any of the hundreds of different cell types (liver, bone, nerve, heart, etc.) These “undecided” cellsare called stem cells. Scientists are currently studying these cells to figure out how to intentionally have these cells decide to be nerve cells or heart cells in order to repair lost brain cells or heart cells damaged during a heart attack.
  1. How long does it take for an embryo to develop a heart?
  1. How big is the embryo at 5.5 weeks?
  2. At 8 weeks, the embryo is now called a ______.
  3. The umbilical cord has ______arteries and ______veins to bring nutrients to the fetus and take wastes away.
  4. Pregnancy is often divided into 3 three-month segments called “trimesters.” During which trimester (first, second or third) does morning sickness occur?
  1. During which trimester can you first determine the fetus’ sex?
  1. As the fetus develops, it is covered with a white, sticky substance called vernix. What is the purpose of the vernix?
  1. Some parents believe that it is important to talk to your fetus as it develops. They believe that this helps to make a connection with the future baby. At what week can the fetus first hear sounds?
  1. “Gestation” is the length of time it takes for a fertilized egg to develop into a baby that is born. How many weeks long is gestation for humans?
  1. The testes for a mal develop near the kidneys and then must descend into the scrotum. At what week do the testes descend?
  1. True of false: babies are supposed to come out head first and face up?
  2. A small percentage (about 1%) of babies are not positioned correctly when labor begins and they attempt to come out rump first. This type of birth is known as “breech birth” and is very dangerous for the baby since it will never fit past the cervix. What do you think a doctor will do in order to correct this situation?
  1. At the end of birth, the baby is covered with blood (especially the head and shoulder). Where did this blood come from?
  1. What is an episiotomy?
  1. What is an epidural?

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